Interferon Alpha and Omega Antibody Antagonists

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to antibodies that broady neutralize interferon-α and interferon-ω, polynucleotides encoding the antibodies or fragments, and methods of making and using the foregoing.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/222,285, filed 17 Dec. 2018, currently allowed, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/745,939, filed 22 Jun. 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,208,113, issued 19 Feb. 2019, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/015,765, filed 23 Jun. 2014. The entire contents of the aforementioned application are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to antibodies that broadly neutralize interferon-α and interferon-ω, polynucleotides encoding the antibodies or fragments, and methods of making and using the foregoing.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Type I interferons (IFNs) (IFN-I) are a family of cytokines that signal through a ubiquitously expressed heterodimeric receptor IFNAR (heterodimer of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2) resulting in antiviral, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory effects. In humans, type I IFN is composed of at least 12 IFN-α protein subtypes and 1 subtype each for IFN-β, IFN-ε, IFN-κ, and IFN-ω. IFN-I release occurs in response to both microbial and sterile ligands. Upon receptor binding, IFN-I initiates a signaling cascade through activation of JAK1 and TYK2 leading to the phosphorylation of several STAT family members including STATs 1-6. STAT1 and STAT2 activation leads to the formation of a complex with IFN-regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) and this complex, also known as the IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex, binds to IFN-stimulated response elements (ISREs) in the nucleus resulting in the transcription of many interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) including IRF7 and CXCL10 (IP-10) (Gonzalez-Navajas et al., Nature reviews. Immunology 12, 125 (February, 2012). IFN-I also modulates cellular function through other pathways including the v-crk sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog (avian)-like (CRKL), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and through nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κβ) (Hervas-Stubbs et al., Clinical cancer research: an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 17, 2619 (May 1, 2011)).

Several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases or autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, including Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), type I diabetes, psoriasis, Sjögren's disease, systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS), myositis, common variable immune deficiency (CVID) and autoimmune thyroid disease are associated at least in a sub-population of patients with overexpression of IFN-inducible gene transcripts commonly called the IFN signature present in whole blood and/or tissue, or with elevated IFN-I.

SLE is a chronic autoimmune or immune-mediated inflammatory disease in which the production of pathogenic autoantibodies and immune complexes result in tissue damage across multiple organ systems. The disease displays a broad range of symptoms with heterogeneous clinical presentation and may include systemic, cutaneous, renal, musculoskeletal, neurological and hematological manifestations. SLE varies greatly in severity and is chronic, remitting or relapsing with flares of activity cycling with periods of improvement or remission that may last weeks, months, or years. IFN-α is elevated in SLE patients and is believed to promote a loss of tolerance to self. IFN-α has been shown to contribute to sustained dendritic cell activation and thus antigen presentation, and suppression of Treg function contributing to SLE. IFN-α also induces BLyS expression, a target for the marketed SLE therapeutic BENLYSTA™. A number of polymorphisms associated with production or response to IFN-I have been identified and account for over half of confirmed polymorphisms associated with SLE (Ghodke-Puranik & Niewold, International journal of clinical rheumatology 8, doi:10.2217/ijr.13.58 (2013)). Antibodies neutralizing various IFN-α subtypes (pan-IFN-α antibodies) are being evaluated in clinical trials for SLE (see, for example, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO02/066649, Int Pat. Publ. No. WO05/059106, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO06/086586, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO09/135861).

IFN-ω constitutes approximately 15% of the total IFN-I activity in human leukocyte IFN preparations produced after viral infection (Adolf, Virology 175, 410 (April, 1990). IFN-ω gene expression has been reported to be elevated in SLE patients (Han et al., Genes and immunity 4, 177 (April, 2003); Yao et al., Hum Genomics Proteomics 2009, (2009)), and the ability of IFN-ω to induce DC differentiation has been reported (Walker and Tough, European journal of immunology 36, 1827 (July, 2006)). The anti-IFN-α antibodies currently in clinical trials (sifalimumab (MEDI-545), rontalizumab and AGS-009) do not neutralize IFN-ω. Clinical trial data with these antibodies indicate partial reduction of the type I IFN signature in patients after treatment with anti-IFN-α antibodies (Merrill et al., Ann Rheum Dis 70:1905-1913, 2011; Yao et al., Arthritis Rheum 60:1785-1796, 2009), and Phase 2 trial data with rontalizumab (a pan-anti-IFN-α antibody) indicated improvement in signs and symptoms of SLE, flare rates, and steroid burden at week 24 in a pre-specified biomarker defined group of Interferon Signature Metric (ISM)-Low moderate to severely active lupus subjects. No efficacy was seen in patients having higher levels of IFN-inducible gene expression pre-defined as ISM-High (Kalunian et al., 2012 ACR/ARHP Annual Meeting; Abstract #2622, 2012).

In addition to anti-IFN antibodies, anti-IFNAR1 antibodies are being investigated for the treatment of lupus (Wang et al., 2013; Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics accepted article preview 14 Feb. 2013; doi: 10.1038/clpt.2013.35). IFNAR1 blockage is likely to abolish IFN signaling induced by all type I IFNs, including IFN-β. IFN-β may play a more critical role in antiviral defense, as specific deletion of the gene encoding IFN-β incurs substantial susceptibility to a host of viruses when compared to similarly exposed mice having functional IFN-β (Lazear et al., J Virol 85:7186-7194; Deonarain et al., J Virol 74(7): 3404-340, 2000; Deonarain et al., Circulation 110: 3540-3543, 2004; Gerlach, et al., J Virol 80: 3438-3444, 2006). Therefore, anti-IFNAR1 antibodies may increase the risk of side effects.

Current standard of care for SLE includes corticosteroids, antimalarial drugs, immunosuppressants or B cell modulators. These therapeutics may exhibit toxicity and other serious side effects, and may not be suitable for treatment of all lupus patients. Thus, there is a need for additional therapeutic treatments for lupus and other immune-mediated inflammatory or autoimmune diseases.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows IFN-ω and IFN-α levels (pg/ml) in plasma from Chinese SLE patients. Horizontal bars in the figure indicate mean ELISA value of replicate samples, vertical bars indicate standard deviation (SD).

FIG. 1B shows IFN-ω and IFN-α levels (pg/ml) in serum from Caucasian SLE patients. The dark solid circle indicates the highest IFN-α levels and the dotted line circle indicate the highest IFN-ω plasma levels across the various donors. Horizontal bars in the figure indicate mean ELISA value of replicate samples, vertical bars indicate SD.

FIG. 1C shows that patient serum activates downstream interferon signaling pathways measured using ISRE reporter gene assay. The donor exhibiting the greatest amount of IFN-α protein (dark solid circle) and IFN-ω (dotted line circle) also demonstrated the greatest levels of ISRE induction in the reporter gene assay. The results are readings from a single well for each serum sample.

FIG. 2 shows inhibition of SLE immune complex-induced IFN with increasing concentration (0.4-100 μg/ml) of anti-IFN-α antibody alone or at 100 μg/ml in combination with anti-IFN-ω antibody (20 μ/ml). SLE immune complexes (SLE IC) were prepared from two different donors (SLE Donor 232 or 293). Combined blockage of IFN-α and IFN-ω resulted in enhanced suppression of SLE IC-induced IFN activity, as measured using the ISRE assay. HV IC conditioned media=conditioned media from PBMCs stimulated with immune complexes from healthy donors.

FIG. 3 shows induction of IP-10 secretion from PBMCs from 6 healthy individuals stimulated with IFN-αA or IFN-ω as indicated.

FIG. 4A shows secretion of IFN-γ by CD4⁺ T cells in the presence of DCs differentiated in the presence of IFN-ω, IFN-α, IFN-ω and anti-IFN-ω antibody, or IFN-α and anti-IFN-α antibody, or isotype control (iso) as indicated. DCs differentiated in the presence of either IFN-ω or IFN-α induced activation of CD4⁺ T cells to a same degree, whereas DCs differentiated in the presence of anti-IFN-ω or anti-IFN-α neutralizing antibodies did not induce CD4⁺ T cell differentiation. The differentiated DCs were cultured with purified CD4⁺ T cells at DC:CD4⁺ T cells ratios of 1:20. Secreted IFN-γ was measured at day 6. Data is representative of 2 studies. Error bars indicate SD of Luminex triplicates. CONC: concentration.

FIG. 4B shows secretion of IL-17 by CD4⁺ T cells in the presence of DCs differentiated in the presence of IFN-ω, IFN-α, IFN-ω and anti-IFN-ω antibody, or IFN-α and anti-IFN-α antibody, or isotype control (iso) as indicated. DCs differentiated in the presence of either IFN-ω or IFN-α induced activation of CD4⁺ T cells to a same degree, whereas DCs differentiated in the presence of anti-IFN-ω or anti-IFN-α neutralizing antibodies did not induce CD4⁺ T cell differentiation. The differentiated DCs were cultured with purified CD4⁺ T cells at DC:CD4⁺ T cells ratios of 1:20. Secreted IL-17 was measured at day 6. Data is representative of 2 studies. Error bars indicate SD of Luminex triplicates. CONC: concentration.

FIG. 5A shows that IFN-ω induces T-cell independent B cell activation to the same degree as IFN-α. B cell activation was assessed by CD86 surface expression using fluorescently labeled anti-CD86 antibody. T-cell independent B cell activation was induced by CpG (ODN2006) and/or anti-B cell receptor (aBCR) antibodies as indicated in the figure. IFN-ω or IFN-α (IFN-αB2) was used at indicated concentration. Median fluorescence was measured. B cells were obtained from one donor. The results were expressed as mean values of duplicate samples±SD.

FIG. 5B shows that IFN-ω induces IL-6 secretion from B cells activated in non-T cell dependent fashion to the same degree as IFN-α. T-cell independent B cell activation was induced by CpG (ODN-2006) and/or anti-BCR antibodies (aBCR) as indicated in the figure. IFN-ω or IFN-α (IFN-α2B) was used at indicated concentration. IL-6 concentration is indicated as pg/ml. B cells were obtained from one donor. The results were expressed as mean values of duplicate samples±SD.

FIG. 6 shows that IFN-ω induces BLyS secretion from human PBMCs to the same degree as IFN-α (IFN-αB2). The concentration of IFN-ω or IFN-α used to stimulate PBMCs is indicated in the X-axis. BLyS concentration is shown as pg/ml. Results are expressed as mean values of duplicate samples±SD.

FIG. 7A shows the overall molecular structure of the IFN-ω/Fab IFWM371 complex (only the FAT for the antibody is shown). The boxed area is magnified in FIG. 7B. IFN-ω AB loop (AB), E helix (E) and D helix (D) of IFN-ω are indicated. Small circles represent water molecules. VL and VH or IFWM371 are indicated.

FIG. 7B shows a magnification of the boxed area of FIG. 7A, demonstrating hydrogen bonding network mediated through water molecules (water complex (WC) 1, 2, and 3) at the IFN-ω/Fab IFWM371 interface.

FIG. 8A shows the epitope in the IFN-ω/Fab IFWM371 complex. IFN-ω residue numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1.

FIG. 8B shows the paratope in the IFN-ω/Fab IFWM371 complex. Residues Y32, Y92, T94 and L96 are residues in the VL, and residues W33, I50, D57, T58, R59, H99, P100, G101, L102, N103,W104, A105 and D107 are residues in the VH in contact with IFN-ω. VL: SEQ ID NO: 29; VH: SEQ ID NO: 28. T94 and A105 are not shown in the figure.

FIG. 8C shows a 2-dimensional interaction map between IFN-ω and Fab IFWM371. Boxed residues are VL paratope residues, and circled residues are VH paratope residues. Residues highlighted in gray are IFN-ω epitope residues. Numbering of VL, VH and IFN-ω residues is according to SEQ ID NOs: 29, 28 and 1, respectively. Van der Walls (VDW) and hydrophobic interactions are shown in solid lines, electrostatic and H bonds in dashed lines, arrows indicate backbone interactions with the arrows pointing to the backbone atoms. Most interactions are formed by the three IFN-ω epitope residues F27, L30 and R33.

FIG. 9 shows an alignment of IFN-ω with various IFN-α subtypes. Arrows indicate epitope residues IFWM371 binds to. F27, L30 and R33 are conserved across Type I IFNs, except in IFN-αD to which IFWM371 does not bind to. Residue numbering is according to human IFN-ω SEQ ID NO: 1 (IFNω-01 in the Figure). IFNα-01/D/1: SEQ ID NO: 18; IFNα-02/A: SEQ ID NO: 5; IFNα-04/a/b: SEQ ID NO: 15; IFNα-07/J: SEQ ID NO: 13; IFNα-10/C: SEQ ID NO: 7; IFNα-17/I: SEQ ID NO: 12 ; IFNα-21/F: SEQ ID NO: 9; IFNα-14/H: SEQ ID NO: 11; IFNα-16/WA: SEQ ID NO: 16; IFNα-08/B2: SEQ ID NO: 6; IFNα-05/G: SEQ ID NO: 10; IFNα-06/K: SEQ ID NO: 14.

FIG. 10 shows the IC₅₀ values for select antibodies to various Type I IFNs in an ISRE assay.

FIG. 11A shows neutralization of leukocyte IFN-induced IP10 release in human whole blood with anti-IFN-α/ω antibodies. Leukocyte IFN (Lk) was used to induce IP-10 secretion in healthy donor whole blood from 2 subjects. Whole blood was incubated with leukocyte interferon (LK) with or without anti-IFN-α/ω antibodies IFWM3522 or IFWM3525 at various concentrations (10 μg/ml-10 pg/ml) as indicated in the Figure. Bar represents mean and error bars SD from duplicate wells. Data is representative result of 2 independent experiments using whole blood from 2 different human donors.

FIG. 11B shows neutralization of leukocyte IFN-induced IP-10 release in human whole blood with anti-IFN-α/ω antibodies. Leukocyte IFN (Lk) was used to induce IP-10 secretion in healthy donor whole blood from 2 subjects. Whole blood was incubated with leukocyte interferon (LK) with or without anti-IFN-α/ω antibody IFWM3399 or isotype control at various concentrations (10 μg/ml-10 pg/ml) as indicated in the Figure. Bar represents mean and error bars SD from duplicate wells. Data is representative result of 2 independent experiments using whole blood from 2 different human donors.

FIG. 12A shows neutralization of SLE immune complex-induced IP-10 release in human whole blood with anti-IFN-α/ω antibodies. Whole blood was incubated with SLE immune complex-induced interferon preparations with or without anti-IFN-α/ω antibodies IFWM3522 or IFWM3525 at various concentrations (10 μg/ml-10 pg/ml) as indicated in the Figure, and IP-10 was analyzed from plasma using an ELISA kit. Bar represents mean and error bars SD from duplicate wells. Data is representative result of 4 independent experiments using whole blood from 2 different human donors.

FIG. 12B shows neutralization of SLE immune complex-induced IP-10 release in human whole blood with anti-IFN-α/ω antibodies. Whole blood was incubated with SLE immune complex-induced interferon preparations with or without anti-IFN-α/ω antibody IFWM3399 or isotype control at various concentrations (10 μg/ml-10 pg/ml) as indicated in the Figure, and IP-10 was analyzed from plasma using an ELISA kit. Bar represents mean and error bars SD from duplicate wells. Data is representative result of 4 independent experiments using whole blood from 2 different human donors.

FIG. 13A shows normalization of MX1 gene expression in SLE patient blood after in vitro exposure of the blood to IFN-α/ω antibody IFWM2423 or isotype control for 24 hours at various concentrations (μg/ml) as indicated in the Figure. Bar represents mean and error bars SD from triplicate wells. MX1 gene expression was normalized to β-actin.

FIG. 13B shows normalization of MX1 gene expression in SLE patient blood after in vitro exposure of the blood to IFN-α/ω antibody IFWM3522 and IFWM2525 or isotype control for 24 hours at various concentrations (μg/ml) as indicated in the Figure. Bar represents mean and error bars SD from triplicate wells. MX1 gene expression was normalized to β-actin.

FIG. 14A shows the hydrogen (H) bond interactions between epitope residue R33 with VH of M371 as well as water molecules at the antibody/antigen interface in the IFN-ω/M341 structure.

FIG. 14B shows modified H bond interactions between epitope residue R33 with VH of M3421 as well as water molecules in IFN-ω/M3421 structure.

FIG. 14C shows the sequence (L961 mutation) and structural changes upon maturation of M371. In the M371 structure, F108 of VH is best described as having two alternative conformations. In the M3421 structure, they are converted into one conformation, suggesting tighter packing between VH and VL. In addition, there is a side chain rotamer flip of the W47 of VH.

FIG. 14D shows sequence and structural changes upon M371 maturation. The VL Y32 was mutated into a more hydrophobic F (Y32F) and removing the two H bonds between Y32 in M371 and IFN-ω. VL A50 was mutated into F (A50F). This residue does not directly contact the antigen but stacks against W104 of VH that contacts the antigen. Two other changes (S31G and S30D) are not involved in antigen binding or directly impacting binding residues like A50F. These residue changes are likely to influence local hydrophobicity and optimize solvent interaction.

FIG. 15 shows s a 2-dimensional interaction map between IFN-ω and Fab IFWM3421. Boxed residues are VL paratope residues, and circled residues are VH paratope residues. Residues highlighted in gray are IFN-ω epitope residues. Numbering of VL, VH and IFN-ω residues is according to SEQ ID NOs: 28, 71 and 1, respectively. Van der Waals (VDW) and hydrophobic interactions are shown in solid lines, electrostatic and H bonds in dashed lines, arrows indicate backbone interactions with the arrows pointing to the backbone atoms. Most interactions are formed by the three IFN-ω epitope residues F27, L30 and R33.

FIG. 16 shows s a 2-dimensional interaction map between IFN-ω and Fab of IFWM3525. Boxed residues are VL paratope residues, and circled residues are VH paratope residues. Residues highlighted in gray are IFN-ω epitope residues. Numbering of VL, VH and IFN-ω residues is according to SEQ ID NOs: 28, 71 and 1, respectively. Van der Waals (VDW) and hydrophobic interactions are shown in solid lines, electrostatic and H bonds in dashed lines, arrows indicate backbone interactions with the arrows pointing to the backbone atoms. Most interactions are formed by the three IFN-ω epitope residues F27, L30 and R33.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the invention is an isolated monoclonal antibody that binds to and neutralizes a biological activity of a human interferon omega (IFN-ω) and at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtypes.

Another embodiment of the invention is an isolated monoclonal antibody that binds to and neutralizes a biological activity of a human interferon omega (IFN-ω) and at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtypes, wherein the antibody neutralizes the biological activity of the human IFN-ω with an IC₅₀ of at least about 1×10⁻⁹ M or less, about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, about 5×10⁻¹¹ M or less, or about 1×10⁻¹¹ M or less.

In other embodiments, the antibody of the invention neutralizes the activity of at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human IFN-α subtypes with an IC₅₀ value of at least about 2×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, about 1.5×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, or about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less.

In other embodiments, the antibody comprises heavy chain complementarity determining region (HCDR) 1 (HCDR1), 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 114 and 121, respectfully, and light chain complementarity determining region (LCDR) 1 (LCDR1), 2 (LCDR2) and 3 (LCDR3) amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 118, 119 and 120.

In other embodiments, the antibody comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 114, 121, 159, 119 and 160, respectively.

In other embodiments, the antibody neutralizes at least ten human IFN-α subtypes selected from the group consisting of IFN-αA, IFN-αB2, IFN-αC, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αI, IFN-αJ1, IFN-αK, IFN-αWA and IFN-α4a.

In other embodiments, the antibody binds human IFN-ω of SEQ ID NO: 1 at least at amino acid residues F27, L30 and R33.

In other embodiments, the antibody comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 114, 121, 161, 119 and 162, respectively.

In other embodiments, the antibody neutralizes at least the human IFN-α subtypes IFN-αA, IFN-αB2, IFN-αC, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αJ1 and IFN-α4a.

In other embodiments, the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) amino acid sequence at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28 and a light chain variable region (VL) amino acid sequences at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 150.

In other embodiments, the antibody comprises certain HCDR and LCDR sequences as described herein.

In other embodiments, the antibody comprises certain VH and VL sequences as described herein.

Another embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of the invention and a pharmaceutically accepted carrier.

Another embodiment of the invention is a polynucleotide encoding the antibody VH and/or the VL of the invention.

Another embodiment of the invention is a vector comprising the polynucleotide of the invention.

Another embodiment of the invention is a host cell comprising the vector of the invention.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of producing the antibody of the invention, comprising culturing the host cell of the invention in conditions that the antibody is expressed, and recovering the antibody produced by the host cell.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating an immune-mediated inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an isolated antibody of the invention to a patient in need thereof for a time sufficient to treat or prevent the disease.

In some embodiments, the immune-mediated inflammatory disease or the autoimmune disease is lupus, psoriasis, immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS), systemic sclerosis, Sjögren's syndrome, myositis, common variable immune deficiency (CVID), autoimmune thyroid disease, type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection or graft versus host disease (GVHD).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

All publications, including but not limited to patents and patent applications, cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as though fully set forth.

It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains.

Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice for testing of the present invention, exemplary materials and methods are described herein. In describing and claiming the present invention, the following terminology will be used.

The term “specific binding” or “specifically binds” or “binds” as used herein refers to antibody binding to an antigen or an epitope within the antigen with greater affinity than for other antigens. Typically, the antibody binds to the antigen or the epitope within the antigen with a dissociation constant (K_(D)) of 1×10⁻⁸ M or less, for example 1×10⁻⁹ M or less, 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, 1×10⁻¹¹ M or less, or 1×10⁻¹² M or less, typically with a K_(D) that is at least ten fold less than its K_(D) for binding to a non-specific antigen (e.g., BSA, casein). The dissociation constant can be measured using standard procedures. Antibodies that specifically bind to the antigen or the epitope within the antigen may, however, have cross-reactivity to other related antigens, for example to the same antigen from other species (homologs), such as human or monkey, for example Macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus, cyno) or Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee, chimp). Antibodies that specifically bind to the antigen or the epitope within the antigen can further bind an epitope that is shared between two or more distinct antigens such as at least one interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtype and interferon omega (IFN-ω); i.e. antibodies cross-react with IFN-α subtypes and IFN-ω.

The term “neutralizing” or “neutralizes” or “neutralizing antibody” or “antibody antagonist” as used herein refers to an antibody or antibody fragment that partially or completely inhibits biological activity of recombinant human interferon omega (IFN-ω) and/or at least one recombinant human interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtype. Neutralizing antibodies may be identified using assays for IFN-α and/or IFN-ω biological activity as described herein. IFN-α and/or IFN-ω neutralizing antibody may inhibit measured IFN-α and/or IFN-ω biological activity by 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%.

The term “interferon-α” (IFN-α) as used herein refers to all native subtypes of human alpha interferons. Native IFN-α consists of at least 12 closely related protein subtypes encoded by distinct genes with a high degree of structural homology (Weissmann and Weber, Prog Nucl Acid Res Mol Biol., 33: 251, 1986; Roberts et al., J Interferon Cytokine Res. 18: 805-816, 1998). Nomenclature for human interferons is found at: hUp://www_genenames_org/genefamilies/_IFN. Table 4 shows the sequences of the IFN-α subtypes used herein, in addition to other Type I IFNs.

The term IFN-ω as used herein refers to human IFN-ω having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and UniProt accession number P05000. Human IFN-ω also includes the variant of SEQ ID NO: 2 having a threonine to glutamic acid substitution at position 80 (T80).

The term “type I interferon” or “IFN-I” refers to all native subtypes of human interferon-α and one subtype of interferon-β, interferon-ε, interferon-ω and interferon-κ which bind to a common interferon receptor IFNAR.

As used herein the term “IFNAR” refers to the well-known interferon receptor which is a heterodimer or IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 protein sequences are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 26 and 27, respectively. IFNAR1 mature extracellular domain spans residues 28-436 of SEQ ID NO: 26 and IFNAR2 mature extracellular domain spans residues 27-243 of SEQ ID NO: 27.

The term “antibodies” as used herein is meant in a broad sense and includes immunoglobulin molecules including polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies including murine, human, humanized and chimeric monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, bispecific or multispecific antibodies formed from at least two intact antibodies or antibody fragments, dimeric, tetrameric or multimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies, domain antibodies and any other modified configuration of the immunoglobulin molecule that comprises an antigen recognition site of the required specificity.

Immunoglobulins can be assigned to five major classes, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM, depending on the heavy chain constant domain amino acid sequence. IgA and IgG are further sub-classified as the isotypes IgA₁, IgA₂, IgG₁, IgG₂, IgG₃ and IgG₄. Antibody light chains of any vertebrate species can be assigned to one of two clearly distinct types, namely kappa (κ) and lambda (λ), based on the amino acid sequences of their constant domains.

The term “antibody fragments” refers to a portion of an immunoglobulin molecule that retains the heavy chain and/or the light chain antigen binding site, such as heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDR) 1, 2 and 3, light chain complementarity determining regions (LCDR) 1, 2 and 3, a heavy chain variable region (VH), or a light chain variable region (VL). Antibody fragments include well known Fab, F(ab′)2, Fd and Fv fragments as well as domain antibodies (dAb) consisting one VH domain. VH and VL domains can be linked together via a synthetic linker to form various types of single chain antibody designs where the VH/VL domains pair intramolecularly, or intermolecularly in those cases when the VH and VL domains are expressed by separate single chain antibody constructs, to form a monovalent antigen binding site, such as single chain Fv (scFv) or diabody; described for example in Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO1998/44001, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO1988/01649; Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO1994/13804; Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO1992/01047.

An antibody variable region consists of a “framework” region interrupted by three “antigen binding sites”. The antigen binding sites are defined using various terms: (i) Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs), three in the VH (HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3), and three in the VL (LCDR1, LCDR2, LCDR3), are based on sequence variability (Wu and Kabat, J Exp Med 132:211-50, 1970; Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., 1991). (ii) “Hypervariable regions”, “HVR”, or “HV”, three in the VH (H1, H2, H3) and three in the VL (L1, L2, L3), refer to the regions of an antibody variable domains which are hypervariable in structure as defined by Chothia and Lesk (Chothia and Lesk, Mol Biol 196:901-17, 1987). Other terms include “IMGT-CDRs” (Lefranc et al., Dev Comparat Immunol 27:55-77, 2003) and “Specificity Determining Residue Usage” (SDRU) (Almagro, Mol Recognit 17:132-43, 2004). The International ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT) database (http://www_imgt_org) provides a standardized numbering and definition of antigen-binding sites. The correspondence between CDRs, HVs and IMGT delineations is described in Lefranc et al., Dev Comparat Immunol 27:55-77, 2003.

“Monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to a homogenous antibody population with singular molecular composition. Monoclonal antibody may be nonspecific or multispecific.

“Chothia residues” as used herein are the antibody VL and VH residues numbered according to Al-Lazikani (Al-Lazikani et al., J Mol Biol 273:927-48, 1997).

“Framework” or “framework sequences” are the remaining sequences of a variable region other than those defined to be antigen binding site. Because the antigen binding site can be defined by various terms as described above, the exact amino acid sequence of a framework depends on how the antigen-binding site was defined.

“Humanized antibodies” refers to antibodies in which the antigen binding sites are derived from non-human species and the variable region frameworks are derived from human immunoglobulin sequences. Humanized antibodies may include substitutions in the framework regions so that the framework may not be an exact copy of expressed human immunoglobulin or germline gene sequences.

“Human-adapted” antibodies or “human framework adapted (HFA)” antibodies refers to humanized antibodies adapted according to methods described in U.S. Pat. Publ. No. US2009/0118127. Human-adapted antibodies are humanized by selecting the acceptor human frameworks based on the maximum CDR and FR similarities, length compatibilities and sequence similarities of CDR1 and CDR2 loops and a portion of light chain CDR3 loops.

“Human antibody” refers to an antibody having heavy and light chain variable regions in which both the framework and the antigen binding site regions are derived from sequences of human origin. If the antibody contains a constant region, the constant region also is derived from sequences of human origin.

Human antibody comprises heavy or light chain variable regions that are “derived from” sequences of human origin if the variable regions of the antibody are obtained from a system that uses human germline immunoglobulin or rearranged immunoglobulin genes. Such exemplary systems are human immunoglobulin gene libraries displayed on phage, and transgenic non-human animals such as mice carrying human immunoglobulin loci as described herein. “Human antibody” may contain amino acid differences when compared to the human germline or rearranged immunoglobulin sequences due to for example naturally occurring somatic mutations or intentional introduction of substitutions. Typically, “human antibody” is at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% % identical in amino acid sequence to an amino acid sequence encoded by a human germline or rearranged immunoglobulin gene. In some cases, “human antibody” may contain consensus framework sequences derived from human framework sequence analyses, for example as described in Knappik et al (2000) J. Mol. Biol. 296:57-86), or synthetic HCDR3 incorporated into human immunoglobulin gene libraries displayed on phage, for example as described in Shi et al (2010) J. Mol. Biol. 397:385-96, 2010 and Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO2009/085462.

Isolated humanized antibodies are synthetic. Human antibodies, while derived from human immunoglobulin sequences, may be generated using systems such as phage display incorporating synthetic CDRs and/or synthetic frameworks, or can be subjected to in vitro mutagenesis to improve antibody properties, resulting in antibodies that do not naturally exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo.

Human antibodies may include substitutions in the framework or in the antigen binding site so that they may not be exact copies of expressed human immunoglobulin or germline gene sequences. However, antibodies in which antigen binding sites are derived from a non-human species are not included in the definition of “human antibody”.

The term “recombinant” as used herein, includes antibodies and other proteins, such as various IFN-α subtypes or IFN-ω that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means.

The term “epitope” as used herein means a portion of an antigen to which an antibody specifically binds. Epitopes usually consist of chemically active (such as polar, non-polar or hydrophobic) surface groupings of moieties such as amino acids or polysaccharide side chains and can have specific three-dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics. An epitope can be composed of contiguous and/or discontiguous amino acids that form a conformational spatial unit. For a discontiguous epitope, amino acids from differing portions of the linear sequence of the antigen come in close proximity in 3-dimensional space through the folding of the protein molecule.

“Bispecific” as used herein refers to an antibody that binds two distinct antigens or two distinct epitopes within an antigen. The bispecific antibody may have cross-reactivity to other related antigens or can bind an epitope that is shared between two or more distinct antigens such as at least one IFN-α subtype and IFN-ω.

The term “in combination with” as used herein means that the drugs or therapeutics can be administered to an animal species such as human together in a mixture, concurrently as single agents or sequentially as single agents in any order.

The terms “IFN-α biological activity” and “IFN-ω biological activity” as used herein refer to any activity occurring as a result of IFN-α and IFN-ω, respectively, binding to its receptor IFNAR. One IFN-α and IFN-ω biological activity is the ability of IFN-α and IFN-ω to induce secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) expression under the interferon inducible promoter such as ISG54 in HEK293 cells stably expressing signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2), interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) and SEAP using standard methods. Another IFN-α and IFN-ω biological activity is the induction of chemokine IP-10 (CXCL10) production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or whole blood as described herein.

The term “vector” means a polynucleotide capable of being duplicated within a biological system or that can be moved between such systems. Vector polynucleotides typically contain elements, such as origins of replication, polyadenylation signal or selection markers, that function to facilitate the duplication or maintenance of these polynucleotides in a biological system. Examples of such biological systems may include a cell, virus, animal, plant, and reconstituted biological systems utilizing biological components capable of duplicating a vector. The polynucleotide comprising a vector may be DNA or RNA molecules or a hybrid of these.

The term “expression vector” means a vector that can be utilized in a biological system or in a reconstituted biological system to direct the translation of a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide sequence present in the expression vector.

The term “polynucleotide” means a molecule comprising a chain of nucleotides covalently linked by a sugar-phosphate backbone or other equivalent covalent chemistry. Double and single-stranded DNAs and RNAs are typical examples of polynucleotides.

The term “polypeptide” or “protein” means a molecule that comprises at least two amino acid residues linked by a peptide bond to form a polypeptide. Small polypeptides of less than 50 amino acids may be referred to as “peptides”.

Conventional one and three-letter amino acid codes are used herein as shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Amino acid Three-letter code One-letter code Alanine ala A Arginine arg R Asparagine asn N Aspartate asp D Cysteine cys C Glutamate glu E Glutamine gln Q Glycine gly G Histidine his H Isoleucine ile I Leucine leu L Lysine lys K Methionine met M Phenylalanine phe F Proline pro P Serine ser S Threonine thr T Tryptophan trp W Tyrosine tyr Y Valine val V

Compositions of Matter

The present invention provides monoclonal antibodies that bind to and neutralize activity of human interferon omega (IFN-ω) and multiple human interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtypes (anti-IFN-α/ω antibodies). The invention is based on, at least part, in the appreciation of the role of INF-ω in lupus pathogenesis with similar immunomodulatory effects than those of IFN-α alone. IFN-ω was found to be present and active in serum of lupus patients, and IFN-ω was found to induce similar cytokine release and gene expression profiles, dendritic cell differentiation, and T-cell independent B cell activation when compared to IFN-α; providing the basis for the rationale for neutralizing both IFN-α and IFN-ω to maximize therapeutic effect. The invention is also based, at least in part, on the identification of a minimal neutralizing epitope shared by IFN-ω and multiple IFN-α subtypes to which the IFN-α/ω antibodies of the invention bind. The IFN-α/ω antibodies of the invention may neutralize IFN-ω and multiple IFN-α subtypes with high efficacy, and thus they may be more potent in neutralizing SLE-relevant preparations of type I IFN and IFN signatures than antibodies neutralizing multiple IFN-α subtypes but not IFN-ω. Therefore, the antibodies of the invention may be more efficacious in treating immune-mediated inflammatory diseases or autoimmune diseases including lupus. As the IFN-α/ω antibodies of the invention do not neutralize IFN-β, they may have more favorable safety and PK profiles when compared to the anti-IFNAR therapies, which are expected to block all type I IFNs.

One embodiment of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below is an isolated monoclonal antibody that binds to and neutralizes a biological activity of a human interferon omega (IFN-ω) and at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtypes.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes the activity of the human IFN-ω with an IC₅₀ of at least about 1×10⁻⁹ M or less, about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, about 5×10⁻¹¹ M or less, or about 1×10⁻¹¹ M or less, when the activity of the human IFN-ω is the human IFN-ω-induced expression of secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) under interferon inducible ISG54 promoter in HEK293 cells stably expressing signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2), interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) and SEAP (“ISRE assay” as described herein).

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtypes selected from the group consisting of IFN-αA, IFN-αB2, IFN-αC, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αI, IFN-αJ1, IFN-αK, IFN-αWA and IFN-α4a.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and IFN-αA, IFN-αH2 and IFN-αK.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and IFN-αA, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2 and IFN-αK.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2 and IFN-αK.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and IFN-αA, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2 and IFN-αK.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and IFN-αA, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αJ1 and IFN-αK.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and IFN-αA, IFN-αB, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2 and IFN-αK.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and IFN-αA, IFN-αB, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2 and IFN-αK.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and IFN-αA, IFN-αB, IFN-αC, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2 and IFN-αK.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and IFN-αA, IFN-αB, IFN-αC, IFN-αF, IFN-αG and IFN-α4a.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and IFN-αA, IFN-αB, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αI and IFN-αK.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and IFN-αA, IFN-αB, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αJ1 and IFN-αK.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and IFN-αA, IFN-αB, IFN-αC, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αJ1 and IFN-αK.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and IFN-αA, IFN-αB, IFN-αC, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αI, IFN-αJ1, IFN-αK and IFN-α4a.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and IFN-αA, IFN-αB, IFN-αC, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αI, IFN-αJ1, IFN-αWA and IFN-α4a.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and IFN-αA, IFN-αB, IFN-αC, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αK, IFN-αWA and IFN-α4a.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes IFN-ω and IFN-αA, IFN-αB, IFN-αC, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αI, IFN-αJ1, IFN-αK, IFN-αWA and IFN-α4a.

Antibodies of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, may bind and neutralize at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven IFN-α subtypes in addition to neutralizing IFN-ω. The IFN-α subtypes and IFN-ω may be produced by recombinant expression using standard methods. Exemplary signal sequences that can be used for directing secretion are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 21-25.

The antibodies of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, may be tested for their ability to neutralize IFN-α and IFN-ω in a reporter gene assay using cell lines expressing reporter genes under an interferon responsive promoter, and stimulating cells with various IFN-α subtypes and/or IFN-ω. For example, HEK-Blue™ IFN-α/β cells (InvivoGen, San Diego, Calif.) engineered to express a fully active type I IFN signaling pathway (stably expressing STAT2 and IRF9) and transfected with a SEAP reporter gene under the control of the IFNα/β inducible ISG54 promoter can be used as described herein. Signal from the alkaline phosphatase may be detected an IC₅₀ may be calculated for the inhibition using well known methods.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibodies of the invention neutralize the biological activity of the human IFN-ω with an IC₅₀ value of about 1×10⁻⁹ M or less, about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, about 5×10⁻¹¹ M or less, or about 1×10⁻¹¹ M or less, when the biological activity of the human IFN-ω is inhibition of secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) expression under the interferon inducible ISG54 promoter in HEK293 cells stably expressing signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2), interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) and SEAP, using the assay “ISRE reporter gene assay” as described herein in Example 1.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibodies of the invention neutralize the biological activity of the human IFN-ω with an IC₅₀ value of at least about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, when the IC₅₀ is measured in the “ISRE reporter gene assay” described herein.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibodies of the invention neutralize the biological activity of the human IFN-ω with an IC₅₀ value between about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M to about 6×10⁻¹² M, when the IC₅₀ is measured in the “ISRE reporter gene assay” described herein. Skilled in the art will appreciate that the assay deviation for the ISRE reporter gene assay may typically be approximately within pIC₅₀ of about 0.28 (log (M)). Therefore the term “about” reflects the typical standard deviation in the assay. For example, the typical SD for an IC₅₀ of 1×10⁻⁹ M is between about 0.53×10⁻⁹ to 1.9×10⁻⁹.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibodies of the invention neutralize the biological activity at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human IFN-α subtypes with an IC₅₀ value of at least about 2×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, about 1.5×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, or about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes the activity of the human IFN-ω with an IC₅₀ value of at least about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, and at least 6 human IFN-α subtypes with an IC₅₀ value of about 2×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, about 1.5×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, or about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, when the IC₅₀ value is measured using the “ISRE reporter gene assay” described herein.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes the activity of the human IFN-ω with an IC₅₀ value of at least about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, and at least 10 human IFN-α subtypes with an IC₅₀ value of about 2×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, about 1.5×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, or about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, when the IC₅₀ value is measured using the “ISRE reporter gene assay” described herein.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes the activity of the human IFN-ω with an IC₅₀ value of at least about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, and at least 6 human IFN-α subtypes with an IC₅₀ value of about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, when the IC₅₀ value is measured using the “ISRE reporter gene assay” described herein.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes the activity of the human IFN-ω with an IC₅₀ value of at least about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, and at least 10 human IFN-α subtypes with an IC₅₀ value of about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, when the IC₅₀ value is measured using the “ISRE reporter gene assay” described herein.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibodies of the invention inhibit leukocyte interferon-induced IP-10 release in whole blood induced by 250 U/ml of interferon by about 50% or more in the presence of 10 μg/ml antibody than in the absence of the antibody.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibodies of the invention inhibit systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) immune complex-induced IP-10 release in whole blood by about 50% or more in the presence of 10 μg/ml antibody than in the absence of the antibody.

Antibodies of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, can be tested for their neutralizing ability by assessing their ability to inhibit IFN-induced cytokine release, such as IP-10 release from IFN-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or whole blood. For example, PBMCs are isolated from heparinized whole blood from healthy volunteers using standard protocols, treated with a preformed complex of IFN and antibody to be tested, and IP-10 release is measured using standard methods such as Milliplex cytokine/chemokine kit (Millipore, Premixed 39 plex). Antibodies of the invention may inhibit IP-10 release by at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% when compared to IFN-induced IP-10 release in the absence of the antibody.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibodies of the invention bind human IFN-ω with a dissociation constant (K_(D)) of about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, about 5×10⁻¹¹ M or less, about 1×10⁻¹¹ M or less or about 5×10⁻¹² M or less.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention binds IFN-ω and at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtypes selected from the group consisting of IFN-αA, IFN-αB2, IFN-αC, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αI, IFN-αJ1, IFN-αK, IFN-αWA and IFN-α4a with a K_(D) of about 5×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, about 5×10⁻¹¹ M or less, about 1×10⁻¹¹ M or less, or about 5×10⁻¹² M or less.

The affinity of an antibody to IFN-ω or to various IFN-α subtypes may be determined experimentally using any suitable method. Such methods may utilize ProteOn XPR36, Biacore 3000 or KinExA instrumentation, ELISA or competitive binding assays known to those skilled in the art. The measured affinity of a particular antibody/IFN-ω or antibody/IFN-α subtypes interaction may vary if measured under different conditions (e.g., osmolarity, pH). Thus, measurements of affinity and other binding parameters (e.g., K_(D), K_(on), K_(off)) are preferably made with standardized conditions and a standardized buffer, such as the buffer described herein. Skilled in the art will appreciate that the internal error for affinity measurements for example using Biacore 3000 or ProteOn (measured as standard deviation, SD) can typically be within 5-33% for measurements within the typical limits of detection. Therefore the term “about” reflects the typical standard deviation in the assay. For example, the typical SD for a K_(D) of 1×10⁻⁹ M is up to ±0.33×10⁻⁹ M.

The antibodies binding human IFN-ω and IFN-α subtypes with a desired affinity and neutralization profile may be selected from libraries of variants or fragments by panning with human IFN-ω and/or IFN-α subtypes and optionally by further antibody affinity maturation. In an exemplary panning campaign, phage libraries may be panned sequentially or using a mixture of chimpanzee IFN-ω and human IFN-α subtypes IFN-α2, IFN-αI, IFN-αH2, IFN-αG and IFN-αF. Alternatively, antibodies of the invention may be generated by immunizing mice with chimpanzee and cynomolgus IFN-ω, human IFN-α subtypes IFN-αD, IFN-αJ1, IFN-αC, IFN-αB2, IFN-αH2, IFN-αA, IFN-α4a, IFN-αG, IFN-αF, IFN-αWA and IFN-αI, and screening the hybriomas for binding to IFN-ω and various IFN-α subtypes, and subsequently assessing the neutralization ability of the antibodies using methods described herein.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises heavy chain complementarity determining region (HCDR) 1 (HCDR1), 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 114 and 121, respectfully, and light chain complementarity determining region (LCDR) 1 (LCDR1), 2 (LCDR2) and 3 (LCDR3) amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 118, 119 and 120.

Exemplary such antibodies are antibodies IFWM3308, IFWM3307, IFWM3410, IFWM3322, IFWM3385, IFWM3416, IFWM3310, IFWM3400, IFWM3321, IFWM3522, IFWM3524, IFWM3320, IFWM3304, IFWM3520, IFWM3399, IFWM3314, IFWM3331, IFWM3405, IFWM3442, IFWM3525, IFWM3423, IFWM3444 and IFWM3421. These antibodies neutralize human IFN-ω and at least three IFN-α subtypes with an IC₅₀ value of about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, and comprise a consensus LCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 118), LCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 119), LCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 120), HCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 114) and HCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 121) amino acid sequences and a constant HCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 109) amino acid sequence. Antibodies having substitutions at least at VH residue position 103 of SEQ ID NOs: 28, 31, 157 or 158, VL residue positions 30, 31, 32, 50, 91-94 or 96 of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 39, 40, 42, 46, 52, 53, 54, 71, 73, 75 or 135, and VL residues positions 30, 31, 32, 50, 51, 92-95 or 97 of SEQ ID NOs: 57, 61, 62, 68 and 150 resulted in antibodies having improved potency when compared to the parental IFWM371 antibody.

-   SEQ ID NO: 118 -   QSIX₁X₂X₃X₄; wherein -   X₁ is G, D, A, R, E, S, or N; -   X₂ is D, G, N, S, R, E or K; -   X₃ is F, A, N, T, S or V; -   X₄ is Y, N or deleted. -   SEQ ID NO: 119 -   X₅AS; wherein -   X₅ is F, W or G. -   SEQ ID NO: 120 -   QQX₆X₇X₈X₉PX₁₀T; wherein -   X₆ is A, G, S or W; -   X₇ is L, Y, H, W, F or I; -   X₈ is D or S; -   X₉ is F, T, L, N or W; and -   X₁₀ is L, F or I. -   SEQ ID NO: 114 -   IX₁₁X₁₂SDSDT; wherein -   X₁₁ is D or A; and -   X₁₂ is P or A. -   SEQ ID NO: 121 -   ARHPGLX₁₃WAPDFDY; wherein -   X₁₃ is A or N. -   SEQ ID NO: 109 -   GYSFTSYW

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, theHCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 114, 121, 159, 119 and 160, respectively.

Exemplary such antibodies are antibodies IFWM3400, IFWM3321, IFWM3522, IFWM3524, IFWM3320, IFWM3304, IFWM3520, IFWM3399, IFWM3314, IFWM3331, IFWM3405, IFWM3442, IFWM3525, IFWM3423, IFWM3444 and IFWM3421. These antibodies neutralize human IFN-ω and at least six IFN-α subtypes with an IC₅₀ value of about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, and comprise a consensus LCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 159), LCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 119), LCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 160), HCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 114) and HCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 121) amino acid sequences and a constant HCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 109) amino acid sequence.

-   SEQ ID NO: 159 -   QSIX₁₄X₁₅X₁₆X₁₇; wherein -   X₁₄ is G, D, A, E, S, or N; -   X₁₅ is D, G, N, S or R; -   X₁₆ is F, A, N, S or V; and -   X₁₇ is Y, N or deleted. -   SEQ ID NO: 160 -   QQX₁₈X₁₉X₂₀X₂₁PX₂₂T; wherein -   X₁₈ is A, G or S; -   X₁₉ is Y, H, W or F; -   X₂₀ is D or S; -   X₂₁ is F, T, L or W; and -   X₂₂ is L, F or I.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 114, 121, 161, 119 and 162, respectively.

Exemplary such antibodies are antibodies IFWM3405, IFWM3442, IFWM3525, IFWM3423, IFWM3444 and IFWM3421. These antibodies neutralize human IFN-ω and at least ten IFN-α subtypes with an IC₅₀ value of at least about 2×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, about 1.5×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, or about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, and comprise a consensus LCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 161), LCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 119), LCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 162), HCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 114) and HCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 121) sequences and a constant HCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 109) sequence.

-   SEQ ID NO: 161 -   QSIX₂₃X₂₄X₂₅X₂₆; wherein -   X₂₃ is A or D; -   X₂₄ is N or G; -   X₂₅ is F, N or S; and -   X₂₆ is Y, N or deleted. -   SEQ ID NO: 162 -   QQX₂₇X₂₈X₂₉X₃₀PX₃₁T; wherein -   X₂₇ is G or S; -   X₂₈ is Y; -   X₂₉ is D; -   X₃₀ is F, T or L; and -   X₃₁ is L, F or I.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention neutralizes human IFN-ω and at least ten human IFN-α subtypes selected from the group consisting of IFN-αA, IFN-αB2, IFN-αC, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αI, IFN-αJ1, IFN-αK, IFN-αWA and IFN-α4a.

In some embodiments of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody neutralizes human IFN-ω and at least the human IFN-α subtypes IFN-αA, IFN-αB2, IFN-αC, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αJ1 and IFN-α4a.

In some embodiments of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody does not bind or neutralize IFN-αD or IFN-α1.

In some embodiments of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody does not bind or neutralize IFN-β.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises

-   -   the HCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109;     -   the HCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 111, 112 or 113;     -   the HCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 115 or 116;     -   the LCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 76, 77, 78, 79, 80,         81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 or 91;     -   the LCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 93, 94 or 95; and     -   the LCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 96, 97, 98, 99,         100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106 or 107.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs:

a) 109, 113, 116, 77, 93 and 104, respectively;

b) 109, 113, 116, 85, 93 and 96, respectively;

c) 109, 113, 115, 79, 95 and 107, respectively;

d) 109, 113, 116, 76, 93 and 103, respectively;

e) 109, 113, 115, 85, 93 and 96, respectively;

f) 109, 113, 115, 89, 95 and 100, respectively;

g) 109, 113, 116, 86, 93 and 105, respectively;

h) 109, 113, 115, 76, 93 and 103, respectively;

i) 109, 113, 116, 80, 93 and 97, respectively;

j) 109, 113, 116, 84, 93 and 97, respectively;

k) 109, 113, 116, 90, 93 and 97, respectively;

l) 109, 113, 116, 88, 93 and 102, respectively;

m) 109, 113, 116, 87, 93 and 105, respectively;

n) 109, 113, 116, 91, 93 and 106, respectively;

o) 109, 113, 115, 80, 93 and 97, respectively;

p) 109, 113, 116, 83, 93 and 101, respectively;

q) 109, 113, 116, 82, 94 and 98, respectively;

r) 109, 113, 115, 78, 95 and 100, respectively;

s) 109, 111, 116, 81, 93 and 106, respectively;

t) 109, 113, 116, 82, 94 and 99, respectively;

u) 109, 113, 115, 81, 93 and 106, respectively;

v) 109, 112, 116, 81, 93 and 106, respectively; or

w) 109, 113, 116, 81, 93 and 106, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 116, 77, 93 and 104, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 116, 85, 93 and 96, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 115, 79, 95 and 107, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 116, 76, 93 and 103, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 115, 85, 93 and 96, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 115, 89, 95 and 100, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 116, 86, 93 and 105, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 115, 76, 93 and 103, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 116, 80, 93 and 97, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 116, 84, 93 and 97, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 116, 90, 93 and 97, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 116, 88, 93 and 102, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 116, 87, 93 and 105, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 116, 91, 93 and 106, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 115, 80, 93 and 97, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 116, 83, 93 and 101, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 116, 82, 94 and 98, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 115, 78, 95 and 100, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 111, 116, 81, 93 and 106, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 116, 82, 94 and 99, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 115, 81, 93 and 106, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 112, 116, 81, 93 and 106, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 113, 116, 81, 93 and 106, respectively.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody comprises the VH and the VL wherein the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 28, 31, 157 or 158.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody comprises the VH and the VL, wherein the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 39, 40, 42, 46, 52, 53, 54, 57, 61, 62, 68, 71, 73, 75, 135 or 150.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody comprises the VH of SEQ ID NOs: 28, 31, 157 or 158, and the VL of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 39, 40, 42, 46, 52, 53, 54, 57, 61, 62, 68, 71, 73, 75, 135 or 150.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH and the VL of SEQ ID NOs: 28 and 40, 28 and 39, 31 and 62, 28 and 54, 31 and 39, 31 and 68, 28 and 42, 31 and 54, 28 and 53, 28 and 73, 28 and 75, 28 and 52, 28 and 35, 28 and 135, 31 and 53, 28 and 46, 28 and 61, 31 and 57, 157 and 71, 28 and 150, 31 and 71, 158 and 71, or 28 and 71.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody comprises the VH and the VL, wherein the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 28, 30, 31, 157 or 158.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 amino acid sequences of the VH of SEQ ID NOs: 28, 30, 31, 157 or 158, and the LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 amino acid sequences of the VL of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 74, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152 or 153, wherein the CDRs are defined according to Kabat, Chothia and/or IMGT.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody comprises the VH and the VL, wherein the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 74, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152 or 153.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody comprises the VH and the VL, wherein the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 28, 30, 31, 157 or 158, and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 74, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152 or 153.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 29.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 32.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In some embodiment described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below s, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 34.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 35.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 36.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 37.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 38.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 39.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 40.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 41.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 42.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 43.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 44.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 45.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 46.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 47.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 48.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 49.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 50.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 51.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 52.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 53.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 54.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 55.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 56.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 57.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 58.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 59.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 60.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 61.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 62.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 63.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 64.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 65.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 66.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 67.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 68.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 69.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 32.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 34.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 35.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 36.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 37.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 38.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 39.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 40.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 41.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 42.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 43.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 44.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 45.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 46.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 47.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 48.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 49.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 50.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 51.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 52.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 53.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 54.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 56.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 57.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 58.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 59.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 60.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 61.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 62.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 63.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 64.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 65.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 66.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 67.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 68.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 69.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 32.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 34.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 35.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 36.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 37.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 38.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 39.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 40.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 41.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 42.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 43.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 44.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 45.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 46.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 47.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 48.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 49.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 50.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 51.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 52.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 53.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 54.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 56.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 57.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 58.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 59.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 60.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 61.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 62.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 63.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 65.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 66.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 67.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 68.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 69.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 70.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 70.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 70.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 71.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 31 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 71.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 123.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 124.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 125.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 126.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 127.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 128.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 129.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 130.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 131.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 132.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 133.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 134.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 135.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 136.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 137.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 138.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 139.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 140.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 141.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 73.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 142.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 143.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 74.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 75.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 144.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 145.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 146.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 147.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 148.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 149.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 150.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 151.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 152.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 153.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 157 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 71.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention comprises the VH of SEQ ID NO: 158 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 71.

Variants of the anti-IFN-ω/α antibodies of the invention comprising VH or VL amino acid sequences shown in Table 9, Table 13, Table 15, Table 17, Table 19 and Table 21 are within the scope of the invention. For example, variants may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 amino acid substitutions in the VH and/or VL that do not adversely affect the antibody properties. In some embodiments, the sequence identity may be about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% to a VH or the VL amino acid sequence of the invention. Percent identity can be determined for example by pairwise alignment using the default settings of the AlignX module of Vector NTI v.9.0.0 (Invitrogen, Carslbad, Calif.). Exemplary modifications are for example conservative amino acid substitutions in the antigen-binding site or in the framework without adversely altering the properties of the antibody. Conservative substitutions may also be made to improve antibody properties, for example stability or affinity. Conservative substitutions are those that take place within a family of amino acids that are related in their side chains. Genetically encoded amino acids can be divided into four families: (1) acidic (aspartate, glutamate); (2) basic (lysine, arginine, histidine); (3) nonpolar (alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan); and (4) uncharged polar (glycine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, serine, threonine, tyrosine). Phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine are sometimes classified jointly as aromatic amino acids. Alternatively, the amino acid repertoire can be grouped as (1) acidic (aspartate, glutamate); (2) basic (lysine, arginine histidine), (3) aliphatic (glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine), with serine and threonine optionally be grouped separately as aliphatic-hydroxyl; (4) aromatic (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan); (5) amide (asparagine, glutamine); and (6) sulfur-containing (cysteine and methionine) (Stryer (ed.), Biochemistry, 2nd ed, WH Freeman and Co., 1981). Furthermore, any native residue in the polypeptide may also be substituted with alanine, as has been previously described for alanine scanning mutagenesis (MacLennan et al (1998) Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 643:55-67; Sasaki et al (1998) Adv. Biophys. 35:1-24). Desired amino acid substitutions may be determined by those skilled in the art at the time such substitutions are desired. The resulting antibody variants may be tested for their characteristics using assays described herein.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the anti-IFN-α/ω antibody of the invention comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) amino acid sequence at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28 and a light chain variable region (VL) amino acid sequences at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 71.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the anti-IFN-α/ω antibody of the invention comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) amino acid sequence at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28 and a light chain variable region (VL) amino acid sequences at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 150.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the anti-IFN-α/ω antibody of the invention comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28 and a light chain variable region (VL) amino acid sequences at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 71.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the anti-IFN-α/ω antibody of the invention comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28 and a light chain variable region (VL) amino acid sequences at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 150.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the anti-IFN-α/ω antibody of the invention comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) amino acid sequence at least 97% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28 and a light chain variable region (VL) amino acid sequences at least 97% identical to SEQ ID NO: 71.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the anti-IFN-α/ω antibody of the invention comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) amino acid sequence at least 97% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28 and a light chain variable region (VL) amino acid sequences at least 97% identical to SEQ ID NO: 150.

Amino acid substitutions may be done for example by PCR mutagenesis (U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195). Alternatively, libraries of variants may be generated using known methods, for example using random (NNK) or non-random codons, for example DVK codons, which encode 11 amino acids (Ala, Cys, Asp, Glu, Gly, Lys, Asn, Arg, Ser, Tyr, Trp) and screening the libraries for variants with desired properties.

Although the embodiments illustrated in the Examples comprise pairs of variable regions, one from a heavy chain and one from a light chain, a skilled artisan will recognize that alternative embodiments may comprise single heavy or light chain variable regions. The single variable region can be used to screen for variable domains capable of forming a two-domain specific antigen-binding fragment capable of, for example, binding to human IFN-ω or various human IFN-α subtypes. The screening may be accomplished by phage display screening methods using for example hierarchical dual combinatorial approach disclosed in Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO92/01047. In this approach, an individual colony containing either a H or L chain clone is used to infect a complete library of clones encoding the other chain (L or H), and the resulting two-chain specific antigen-binding domain is selected in accordance with phage display techniques as described. Therefore, the individual VH and VL polypeptide chains are useful in identifying additional antibodies specifically binding to human IFN-ω or various IFN-α subtypes using the methods disclosed in Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO92/01047.

Antibodies of the invention may be made using a variety of technologies for generating antibodies. For example, the hybridoma method of Kohler and Milstein, Nature 256:495, 1975 may be used to generate monoclonal antibodies. In the hybridoma method, a mouse or other host animal, such as a hamster, rat or monkey, is immunized with human IFN-ω and/or various IFN-α subtypes or fragments of these proteins, followed by fusion of spleen cells from immunized animals with myeloma cells using standard methods to form hybridoma cells (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp. 59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)). Colonies arising from single immortalized hybridoma cells are screened for production of antibodies with desired properties, such as specificity of binding, cross-reactivity or lack thereof, and affinity for the antigen.

Various host animals may be used to produce the IFN-α/ω antibodies of the invention. For example, Balb/c mice may be used to generate mouse anti-human IFN-α/ω antibodies. The antibodies made in Balb/c mice and other non-human animals may be humanized using various technologies to generate more human-like sequences. Exemplary humanization techniques including selection of human acceptor frameworks are known to skilled in the art and include CDR grafting (U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539), SDR grafting (U.S. Pat. No. 6,818,749), Resurfacing (Padlan, Mol Immunol 28:489-499, 1991), Specificity Determining Residues Resurfacing (U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 20100261620), human-adaptation (or human framework adaptation) (U.S. Pat. Publ. No. US2009/0118127), Superhumanization (U.S. Pat. No. 7,709, 226) and guided selection (Osbourn et al (2005) Methods 36:61-68, 2005; U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332).

Humanized antibodies may be further optimized to improve their selectivity or affinity to a desired antigen by incorporating altered framework support residues to preserve binding affinity (backmutations) by techniques such as those disclosed as described in Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO90/007861 and in Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO92/22653.

Transgenic mice carrying human immunoglobulin (Ig) loci in their genome may be used to generate human antibodies against a target protein, and are described in for example Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO90/04036, U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,584, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO99/45962, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO02/066630, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO02/43478, Lonberg et al (1994) Nature 368:856-9; Green et al (1994) Nature Genet. 7:13-21; Green & Jakobovits (1998) Exp. Med. 188:483-95; Lonberg and Huszar (1995) Int. Rev. Immunol. 13:65-93; Bruggemann et al (1991) Eur. J. Immunol. 21:1323-1326; Fishwild et al (1996) Nat. Biotechnol. 14:845-851; Mendez et al (1997) Nat. Genet. 15:146-156; Green (1999) J. Immunol. Methods 231:11-23; Yang et al (1999) Cancer Res. 59:1236-1243; Bruggemann and Taussig (1997) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 8:455-458; Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO02/043478). The endogenous immunoglobulin loci in such mice may be disrupted or deleted, and at least one complete or partial human immunoglobulin locus may be inserted into the mouse genome using homologous or non-homologous recombination, using transchromosomes, or using minigenes. Companies such as Regeneron (http://_www_regeneron_com), Harbour Antibodies (http://_www_harbourantibodies_com), Open Monoclonal Technology, Inc. (OMT) (http://_www_omtinc_net), KyMab (http://_www_kymab_com), Trianni (http://_www.trianni_com) and Ablexis (http://_www_ablexis_com) can be engaged to provide human antibodies directed against a selected antigen using technology as described above.

Human antibodies may be selected from a phage display library, where the phage is engineered to express human immunoglobulins or portions thereof such as Fabs, single chain antibodies (scFv), or unpaired or paired antibody variable regions (Knappik et al (2000) J. Mol. Biol. 296:57-86; Krebs et al (2001) J. Immunol. Meth. 254:67-84; Vaughan et al (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:309-314; Sheets et al (1998) PITAS (USA) 95:6157-6162; Hoogenboom and Winter, (1991) J. Mol. Biol. 227:381; Marks et al (1991) J. Mol. Biol. 222:581). The antibodies of the invention may be isolated for example from phage display library expressing antibody heavy and light chain variable regions as fusion proteins with bacteriophage pIX coat protein as described in Shi et al (2010) J. Mol. Biol. 397:385-96 and Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO09/085462). The libraries may be screened for phage binding to human IFN-ω and IFN-α and the obtained positive clones may be further characterized, the Fabs isolated from the clone lysates, and expressed as full length IgGs. Such phage display methods for isolating human antibodies are described in for example: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,223,409; 5,403,484; and 5,571,698 to Ladner et al.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,427,908 and 5,580,717 to Dower et al.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,969,108 and 6,172,197 to McCafferty et al.; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,885,793; 6,521,404; 6,544,731; 6,555,313; 6,582,915 and 6,593,081 to Griffiths et al.

Preparation of immunogenic antigens and monoclonal antibody production may be performed using any suitable technique, such as recombinant protein production. The immunogenic antigens may be administered to an animal in the form of purified protein, or protein mixtures including whole cells or cell or tissue extracts, or the antigen may be formed de novo in the animal's body from nucleic acids encoding said antigen or a portion thereof.

In an exemplary method, phage display libraries may be panned against biotinylated human IFN-α2 or biotinylated human IFN-αG. After three rounds of panning, a polyclonal phage ELISA using human IFN-α2, IFN-αG and IFN-ω as antigens may be performed to detect the specific enrichment of individual panning experiments. The phage demonstrating enrichment for binders to IFN-α2, IFN-αG and IFN-ω may be collected and further screened in a standard ELISA assay for binding to additional IFN-α subtypes in Fab format. The identified Fab clones may be cloned to full length antibodies and characterized further for their affinity and neutralization ability of human IFN-ω and various IFN-α subtypes using ProteOn and ISRE reporter gene assay as described herein.

The antibodies of the invention may be human or humanized.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the IFN-α/ω antibodies of the invention comprise a VH framework derived from human germline gene IGHV5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 155).

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the IFN-α/ω antibodies of the invention comprise a VL framework derived from human germline gene IGKV1D-39 (SEQ ID NO: 156).

The antibodies of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, may be of IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG or IgM type. The antibodies of the invention may be of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 type.

Immune effector properties of the antibodies of the invention may be enhanced or silenced through Fc modifications by techniques known to those skilled in the art. For example, Fc effector functions such as C1q binding, complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), phagocytosis, down regulation of cell surface receptors (e.g., B cell receptor; BCR), etc. can be provided and/or controlled by modifying residues in the Fc responsible for these activities. Pharmacokinetic properties of the antibodies of the invention may be enhanced by mutating residues in the Fc domain that extend antibody half-life (Strohl (2009) Curr Opin Biotechnol 20:685-91). Exemplary Fc modifications are IgG4 S228P/L234A/L235A, IgG2 M252Y/S254T/T256E (Dall'Acqua et al (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281:23514-24; or IgG2 V234A/G237A/P238S, V234A/G237A/H268Q, H268AN309L/A330S/P331 or V234A/G237A/P238S/H268AN309L/A330S/P331S on IgG2 (Intl. Pat. Publ. No. WO11/066501), of those described in US. Pat. No. 6,737,056 (residue numbering according to the EU numbering).

Additionally, antibodies of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, may be post-translationally modified by processes such as glycosylation, isomerization, deglycosylation or non-naturally occurring covalent modification such as the addition of polyethylene glycol moieties (pegylation) and lipidation. Such modifications may occur in vivo or in vitro. For example, the antibodies of the invention may be conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEGylated) to improve their pharmacokinetic profiles. Conjugation may be carried out by techniques known to those skilled in the art. Conjugation of therapeutic antibodies with PEG has been shown to enhance pharmacodynamics while not interfering with function (Knigh et al (2004) Platelets 15:409-18; Leong et al (2001) Cytokine 16:106-19; Yang et al (2003) Protein Eng. 16:761-70).

Antibodies or fragments thereof of the invention modified to improve stability, selectivity, cross-reactivity, affinity, immunogenicity or other desirable biological or biophysical property are within the scope of the invention. Stability of an antibody is influenced by a number of factors, including (1) core packing of individual domains that affects their intrinsic stability, (2) protein/protein interface interactions that have impact upon the HC and LC pairing, (3) burial of polar and charged residues, (4) H-bonding network for polar and charged residues; and (5) surface charge and polar residue distribution among other intra- and inter-molecular forces (Worn et al (2001) J. Mol. Biol. 305:989-1010). Potential structure destabilizing residues may be identified based upon the crystal structure of the antibody or by molecular modeling in certain cases, and the effect of the residues on antibody stability can be tested by generating and evaluating variants harboring mutations in the identified residues. One of the ways to increase antibody stability is to raise the thermal transition midpoint (T_(m)) as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In general, the protein T_(m) is correlated with its stability and inversely correlated with its susceptibility to unfolding and denaturation in solution and the degradation processes that depend on the tendency of the protein to unfold (Remmele et al (2000) Biopharm 13:36-46,). A number of studies have found correlation between the ranking of the physical stability of formulations measured as thermal stability by DSC and physical stability measured by other methods (Gupta et al (2003) AAPS PharmSci 5E8; Zhang et al (2004) J. Pharm. Sci. 93:3076-89; Maa et al (1996) Int. J. Pharm. 140:155-68; Bedu-Addo et al (2004) Pharm. Res. 21:1353-61; Remmele et al (1997) Pharm. Res. 15:200-8). Formulation studies suggest that a Fab T_(m) has implication for long-term physical stability of a corresponding mAb. Differences in amino acids in either framework or within the CDRs could have significant effects on the thermal stability of the Fab domain (Yasui et al (1994) FEBS Lett. 353:143-6).

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention competes with binding to the human IFN-ω with an isolated antibody comprising the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 71.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention competes with binding to the human IFN-ω with an isolated antibody comprising the VH of SEQ ID NO: 28 and the VL of SEQ ID NO: 150.

Competition between specific binding to human IFN-ω with antibodies of the invention comprising certain VH and VL sequences may be assayed in vitro using well known methods. For example, binding of MSD Sulfo-Tag™ NHS-ester-labeled antibody to human to human IFN-ω in the presence of an unlabeled antibody can be assessed by ELISA, or Bioacore analyses or flow cytometry may be used to demonstrate competition with the antibodies of the current invention.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention binds to and neutralizes a biological activity of a human interferon omega (IFN-ω) and at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtypes, wherein the antibody binds IFN-ω of SEQ ID NO: 1 at least at residues F27, L30 and R33 of.

The residues F27, L30 and R33 IFN-ω define a minimal epitope required for broad neutralizing activity of the IFN-α/ω antibodies of the invention. Crystal structure of several antibody/IFN-α or antibody/IFN-ω complexes revealed the three residues provide predominant contributions to antibody binding. The F27 residue is conserved in all human IFN-αs except IFN-αD (α1), to which antibodies of the invention do not bind. Both L30 and R33 are conserved in all human IFN-αs as well as in human IFN-ω. Further confirmation of the contribution of F27 to the epitope is evident from the binding studies with various cyno IFN-α subtypes: the antibodies of the invention do not bind cyno IFN-α13, which, like human IFN-αD, has a serine at position 27 (S27).

In another embodiment described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention binds human IFN-ω of SEQ ID NO: 1 at least at residues S25, P26, F27, L28, L30, K31, R33, R34 and D35.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention binds to and neutralizes a biological activity of a human interferon omega (IFN-ω) and at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtypes, wherein the antibody binds human IFN-ω of SEQ ID NO: 1 at one or more residues including F27.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the antibody of the invention is a bispecific antibody that binds to and neutralizes a biological activity of a human interferon omega (IFN-ω) and at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtypes and binds BLyS, CD40L, IL-6, CD27, BDCA2, IL-12, IL-23, IFN-αD, IL-17, CD20, IL-10, CD22, IL-21, ICOS, ICOSL or IFN-γ.

Given the presence of elevated IFN-ω in SLE patients, and the demonstration that IFN-ω can induce BLyS secretion in PBMCs in vitro, combined blockade of IFN-α/ω in SLE patients may be more effective at reducing BLyS levels in comparison to anti IFN-α specific approaches. The extent of IFN-signature and IFN activity in SLE patients appears to correlate with soluble BLyS levels.

The IFN-α/ω antibodies of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, may be engineered into bispecific antibodies which are also encompassed within the scope of the invention. The VL and/or the VH regions of the antibodies of the invention may be engineered using published methods into single chain bispecific antibodies as structures such as TandAb® designs (Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO99/57150; U.S. Pat. Publ. No. US2011/0206672) or into bispecific scFVs as structures such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,620; Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO95/15388, lnt. Pat. Publ. No. WO97/14719 or Int. Pat. Publ. No WO11/036460.

The VL and/or the VH regions of the antibodies of the invention may be engineered into bispecific full length antibodies, where each antibody arm binds a distinct antigen or epitope. Such bispecific antibodies are typically made by modulating the CH3 interactions between the two antibody heavy chains to form bispecific antibodies using technologies such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,695,936; Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO04/111233; U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2010/0015133; U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2007/0287170; Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO2008/119353; U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2009/0182127; U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2010/0286374; U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2011/0123532; Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO2011/131746; Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO2011/143545; or U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2012/0149876.

For example, bispecific antibodies of the invention may be generated in vitro in a cell-free environment by introducing asymmetrical mutations in the CH3 regions of two monospecific homodimeric antibodies and forming the bispecific heterodimeric antibody from two parent monospecific homodimeric antibodies in reducing conditions to allow disulfide bond isomerization according to methods described in Intl. Pat. Publ. No. WO2011/131746. In the methods, the first monospecific bivalent antibody (e.g., anti-IFN-α/ω antibody of the invention) and the second monospecific bivalent antibody (e.g., anti-BLyS, anti-CD40L, anti-IL-6, anti-CD27, anti-BDCA2, anti-IL-12, anti-IL-23, anti-IFN-αD, anti-IL-17, anti-CD20, anti-IL-10, anti-CD22, anti-IL-21, anti-ICOS, anti-ICOSL or anti-IFN-γ antibody.) are engineered to have certain substitutions at the CH3 domain that promote heterodimer stability; the antibodies are incubated together under reducing conditions sufficient to allow the cysteines in the hinge region to undergo disulfide bond isomerization; thereby generating the bispecific antibody by Fab arm exchange. The incubation conditions may optimally be restored to non-reducing. Exemplary reducing agents that may be used are 2-mercaptoethylamine (2-MEA), dithiothreitol (DTT), dithioerythritol (DTE), glutathione, tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), L-cysteine and beta-mercaptoethanol, preferably a reducing agent selected from the group consisting of: 2-mercaptoethylamine, dithiothreitol and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine. For example, incubation for at least 90 min at a temperature of at least 20° C. in the presence of at least 25 mM 2-MEA or in the presence of at least 0.5 mM dithiothreitol at a pH of from 5-8, for example at pH of 7.0 or at pH of 7.4 may be used.

Exemplary CH3 mutations that may be used in a first heavy chain and in a second heavy chain of the bispecific antibody are K409R and/or F405L. Additional bispecific structures into which the VL and/or the VH regions of the antibodies of the invention may be incorporated are for example Dual Variable Domain Immunoglobulins (DVD) (Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO2009/134776), or structures that include various dimerization domains to connect the two antibody arms with different specificity, such as leucine zipper or collagen dimerization domains (Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO2012/022811, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,932,448; 6,833,441). DVDs are full length antibodies comprising the heavy chain having a structure VH1-linker-VH2-CH and the light chain having the structure VL1-linker-VL2-CL; linker being optional.

The VH and the VL binding BLyS, CD40L, IL-6, CD27, BDCA2, IL-12, IL-23, IFN-αD, IL-17, CD20, IL-10, CD22, IL-21, ICOS, ICOSL or IFN-γ to be incorporated into bispecific anti-IFN-α/ω antibodies may be generated de novo using methods described herein, or may be engineered from existing monospecific antibodies. Exemplary anti-BLyS antibody that may be used to generate the bispecific antibodies of the invention is BENLYSTA®. Exemplary CD40L antibodies that may be used are those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,474,771, 5,747,037, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO01/68860, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO06/033702 or Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO08/118356. Exemplary anti-IL-6 antibodies that may be used are those described in Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO06/119115, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO10/056948, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO10/088444 or Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO07/076927. Exemplary anti-CD27 antibodies that may be used are those described in Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO13/138586, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO11/130434 or Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO12/004367. Exemplary IL-12 and IL-23 antibody that may be used are STELARA® Exemplary IL-23 antibodies that may be used are those described in Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO07/005955, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO07/027714, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO08/103432,Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO07/106769, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO07/147019 or Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO08/134659. Exemplary IL-17 antibodies that may be used are those described in Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO06/013107, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO06/054059 Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO07/070750, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO08/134659, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO07/149032, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO08/021156, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO08/047134, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO09/130459, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO10/025400, Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO11/053763 and Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO12/095662.

Another embodiment of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, is an antibody that binds to and neutralizes a biological activity of a human interferon omega (IFN-ω) and at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtypes having certain VH and VL sequences, wherein the antibody VH is encoded by a first polynucleotide and the antibody VL is encoded by a second synthetic polynucleotide. The polynucleotide may be a complementary deoxynucleic acid (cDNA), and may be codon optimized for expression in suitable host. Codon optimization is a well-known technology.

In some embodiments described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, the polynucleotides encoding the antibody VH or VL of the invention comprise the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 92, 108, 110, 117 or 122.

Another embodiment of the invention is an isolated polynucleotide encoding any of the antibody heavy chain variable regions and/or the antibody light chain variable regions of the invention. Certain exemplary polynucleotides are disclosed herein, however, other polynucleotides which, given the degeneracy of the genetic code or codon preferences in a given expression system, encode the antibodies of the invention are also within the scope of the invention. Exemplary polynucleotides are for example polynucleotides having the sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 72, 92, 108, 110, 117 or 122. The polynucleotide sequences encoding a VH or a VL or a fragment thereof of the antibody of the invention may be operably linked to one or more regulatory elements, such as a promoter or enhancer, that allow expression of the nucleotide sequence in the intended host cell. The polynucleotide may be a cDNA.

Another embodiment of the invention is a vector comprising the polynucleotide of the invention. Such vectors may be plasmid vectors, viral vectors, vectors for baculovirus expression, transposon based vectors or any other vector suitable for introduction of the synthetic polynucleotide of the invention into a given organism or genetic background by any means. For example, polynucleotides encoding light and/or heavy chain variable regions of the antibodies of the invention, optionally linked to constant regions, are inserted into expression vectors. The light and/or heavy chains may be cloned in the same or different expression vectors. The DNA segments encoding immunoglobulin chains may be operably linked to control sequences in the expression vector(s) that ensure the expression of immunoglobulin polypeptides. Such control sequences include signal sequences, promoters (e.g. naturally associated or heterologous promoters), enhancer elements, and transcription termination sequences, and are chosen to be compatible with the host cell chosen to express the antibody. Once the vector has been incorporated into the appropriate host, the host is maintained under conditions suitable for high level expression of the proteins encoded by the incorporated polynucleotides.

Suitable expression vectors are typically replicable in the host organisms either as episomes or as an integral part of the host chromosomal DNA. Commonly, expression vectors contain selection markers such as ampicillin-resistance, hygromycin-resistance, tetracycline resistance, kanamycin resistance or neomycin resistance to permit detection of those cells transformed with the desired DNA sequences.

Suitable promoter and enhancer elements are known in the art. For expression in a bacterial cell, exemplary promoters include lacI, lacZ, T3, T7, gpt, lambda P and trc. For expression in a eukaryotic cell, exemplary promoters include light and/or heavy chain immunoglobulin gene promoter and enhancer elements; cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter; herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter; early and late SV40 promoters; promoter present in long terminal repeats from a retrovirus; mouse metallothionein-I promoter; and various art-known tissue specific promoters. For expression in a yeast cell, an exemplary promoter is constitutive promoter such as an ADH1 promoter, a PGK1 promoter, an ENO promoter, a PYK1 promoter and the like; or a regulatable promoter such as a GAL1 promoter, a GAL10 promoter, an ADH2 promoter, a PH05 promoter, a CUP1 promoter, a GAL7 promoter, a MET25 promoter, a MET3 promoter, a CYC1 promoter, a HIS3 promoter, an ADH1 promoter, a PGK promoter, a GAPDH promoter, an ADC1 promoter, a TRP1 promoter, a URA3 promoter, a LEU2 promoter, an ENO promoter, a TP1 promoter, and AOX1 (e.g., for use in Pichia). Selection of the appropriate vector and promoter is well within the level of ordinary skill in the art.

Large numbers of suitable vectors and promoters are known to those of skill in the art; many are commercially available for generating a subject recombinant constructs. The following vectors are provided by way of example. Bacterial: pBs, phagescript, PsiX174, pBluescript SK, pBs KS, pNH8a, pNH16a, pNH18a, pNH46a (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA); pTrc99A, pKK223-3, pKK233-3, pDR540, and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden). Eukaryotic: pWLneo, pSV2cat, pOG44, PXR1, pSG (Stratagene) pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG and pSVL (Pharmacia).

Another embodiment of the invention is a host cell comprising one or more vectors of the invention. The term “host cell” refers to a cell into which a vector has been introduced. It is understood that the term host cell is intended to refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell, and also to a stable cell line generated from the particular subject cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell” as used herein. Such host cells may be eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, plant cells or archeal cells.

Escherichia coli, bacilli, such as Bacillus subtilis, and other enterobacteriaceae, such as Salmonella, Serratia, and various Pseudomonas species are examples of prokaryotic host cells. Other microbes, such as yeast, are also useful for expression. Saccharomyces (e.g., S. cerevisiae) and Pichia are examples of suitable yeast host cells Exemplary eukaryotic cells may be of mammalian, insect, avian or other animal origins. Mammalian eukaryotic cells include immortalized cell lines such as hybridomas or myeloma cell lines such as SP2/0 (American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, Va., CRL-1581), NSO (European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC), Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK, ECACC No. 85110503), FO (ATCC CRL-1646) and Ag653 (ATCC CRL-1580) murine cell lines. An exemplary human myeloma cell line is U266 (ATTC CRL-TIB-196). Other useful cell lines include those derived from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells such as CHO-K1SV (Lonza Biologics, Walkersville, Md.), CHO-K1 (ATCC CRL-61) or DG44.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of producing an antibody of the invention comprising culturing the host cell of the invention in conditions that the antibody is expressed, and recovering the antibody produced by the host cell. Methods of making antibodies and purifying them are well known in the art. Once synthesized (either chemically or recombinantly), the whole antibodies, their dimers, individual light and/or heavy chains, or other antibody fragments such as VH and/or VL, may be purified according to standard procedures, including ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity columns, column chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification, gel electrophoresis, and the like (see generally Scopes, Protein Purification (Springer-Verlag, N.Y., (1982)). A subject antibody may be substantially pure, e.g., at least about 80% to 85% pure, at least about 85% to 90% pure, at least about 90% to 95% pure, or at least about 98% to 99%, or more, pure, e.g., free from contaminants such as cell debris, macromolecules, etc. other than the subject antibody.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method for producing an antibody that binds to and neutralizes a biological activity of a human interferon omega (IFN-ω) and at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human interferon alpha (IFN-α) comprising:

-   -   incorporating the first polynucleotide encoding the VH of the         antibody and the second polynucleotide encoding the VL of the         antibody into an expression vector; transforming a host cell         with the expression vector;     -   culturing the host cell in culture medium under conditions         wherein the VL and the VH are expressed and form the antibody;         and     -   recovering the antibody from the host cell or culture medium.

The polynucleotides encoding certain VH or VL sequences of the invention are incorporated into vectors using standard molecular biology methods. Host cell transformation, culture, antibody expression and purification are done using well known methods.

Methods of Treatment

IFN-α/ω antibodies of the invention may be utilized to treat immune-mediated inflammatory diseases or autoimmune diseases such as lupus, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), or other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS), systemic sclerosis, Sjögren's syndrome, myositis, common variable immune deficiency (CVID), autoimmune thyroid disease, type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection or graft versus host disease (GVHD). These diseases may be associated with increased production of IFN-α and/or IFN-ω or type I IFN signature.

One embodiment of the invention is a method of treating an immune-mediated inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an isolated antibody that binds to and neutralizes a biological activity of a human interferon omega (IFN-ω) and at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtypes to a patient in need thereof for a time sufficient to treat the immune-mediated inflammatory disease or autoimmune disease.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating lupus, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an isolated antibody that binds to and neutralizes a biological activity of a human interferon omega (IFN-ω) and at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtypes to a patient in need thereof for a time sufficient to treat lupus.

In some embodiments, lupus is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE).

In some embodiments, the patient has lupus nephritis.

In some embodiments, the immune-mediated inflammatory disease or the autoimmune disease is psoriasis, immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS), systemic sclerosis, Sjögren's syndrome, myositis, common variable immune deficiency (CVID), autoimmune thyroid disease, type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection or graft versus host disease (GVHD).

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating a chronic viral infection, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an isolated antibody that binds to and neutralizes a biological activity of a human interferon omega (IFN-ω) and at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtypes to a patient in need thereof for a time sufficient to treat the chronic viral infection.

IFN-I is well known to have a protective role in acute viral infection. Recently, IFN-I has been demonstrated to have an immunosuppressive role in chronic viral infections through a mechanism at least partially mediated by IL-10 and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PDL1) (Teijaro et al., Science 340, 207-211, (2013); Wilson et al., Science 340, 202-207, 2013). Combined blockade of multiple IFN-α subtypes and IFN-ω may offer beneficial effects in patients with chronic viral infections including HIV and hepatitis C by down-modulating an immunosuppressive environment conducive to viral persistence.

In some embodiments, the chronic viral infection is HIV or hepatitis C.

“Treatment” or “treat” refers to therapeutic treatment. Patients that may be treated also include those prone to or susceptible to have the disorder, of those in which the disorder is to be prevented. Individuals in need of treatment include those already with the disorder or a symptom of the disorder. Beneficial or desired clinical results include alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable. “Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.

Exemplary antibodies that may be used in the methods of the invention comprise VH, VL, HCDR and/or LCDR regions as shown in tables 9, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 or 27, and antibodies IFWM3308, IFWM3307, IFWM3410, IFWM3322, IFWM3385, IFWM3416, IFWM3310, IFWM3400, IFWM3321, IFWM3522, IFWM3524, IFWM3320, IFWM3304, IFWM3520, IFWM3399, IFWM3314, IFWM3331, IFWM3405, IFWM3442, IFWM3525, IFWM3423, IFWM3444 and IFWM3421.

Other exemplary antibodies that may be used in the methods of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below are antibodies that bind to and neutralize a biological activity of a human interferon omega (IFN-ω) and at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtypes, wherein the antibody binds IFN-ω of SEQ ID NO: 1 at least at residues F27, L30 and R33.

Other exemplary antibodies that may be used in the methods of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, are antibodies that bind human IFN-ω of SEQ ID NO: 1 at least at residues S25, P26, F27, L28, L30, K31, R33, R34 and D35.

The methods of the invention may be used to treat an animal patient belonging to any classification. Examples of such animals include mammals such as humans, rodents, dogs, cats and farm animals.

The antibodies of the invention may be useful in the preparation of a medicament for such treatment, wherein the medicament is prepared for administration in dosages defined herein. SLE is a chronic multiorgan autoimmune disease with both genetic and environmental factor contributing to its development.

SLE is characterized by production of pathogenic autoantibodies and tissue deposition of immune complexes, resulting in tissue damage across multiple organs. Combinations of cutaneous, musculoskeletal, hematological, neurological and renal complications are seen in patients, with periods of flare-ups and remissions. Lupus nephritis is defined as a case of SLE with a diagnosis of nephritis, proteinuria, hematuria and/or renal failure. In lupus nephritis patients, renal involvement is characterized by proteinuria (>0.5 g/24 hours), and/or red blood cells or casts in urine specimens.

Not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is suggested that SLE triggers, such autoantibody immune complexes, invoke type I IFN responses associated with overproduction of IFN-α and IFN-ω, but not IFN-β. Therefore, IFN-α/ω antibodies of the invention may provide a more efficacious treatment of lupus and other immune-mediated inflammatory disease, broadly inhibiting IFN-ω and multiple IFN-α subtypes while sparing IFN-β function, which may play a more critical role in antiviral defense and which molecule may have no biological releavance in lupus. For example, anti-IFN-β antibodies failed to neutralize patient serum activity from both SLE and AGS patients, a disease also associated with elevated type IFN-I activity and IFN signature (Hooks et al., Arthritis and Rheumatism 25:396-400, 1982; Hua et al., Arthritis and Rheumatism 54: 1906 (June, 2006); Rice et al., Lancet Neurology doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70258-8 (2013)).

Other types of lupus in addition to SLE include cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) and pediatric lupus.

Symptoms associated with lupus include joint pain and stiffness, nonerosive arthritis, muscle aches, pains, weakness, fever, malaise, ulcers on oral tissues, cutaneous manifestations (e.g., butterfly-shaped rash across the nose and cheeks; sunlight-induced dermatological flares), unusual weight loss or weight gain, anemia, low lymphocyte and/or platelet counts, neurological or neuropsychiatric manifestations (e.g., trouble thinking, memory problems, confusion, depression, headache, seizures, strokes), kidney problems (e.g., nephritis, e.g., glomerulonephritis), sun or light sensitivity, hair loss, purple or pale fingers from stress or cold, vascular lesions or other vascular manifestations, or cardio-pulmonary symptoms such as pericarditis or pleuritis. Elevated levels of interleukins IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, Il-12, IL-17, IL-18, IL-5 and IL-16; TNF-α or Type I interferons, as well as overexpression of IFN inducible genes is documented in lupus patients. Patients may have elevated levels of autoantibodies against nuclear and cellular components such as double stranded DNA (dsDNA), ribonucleoprotein (RNP), SS-a/Ro, SS-b/La, phospholipids, histones or cardiolipin. Patients may have immune complex deposition in at least one tissue.

SLE may be diagnosed or classified for example using recommendations by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), or by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Criteria (SLICC) for the Classification of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. For example, the 2012 SLICC criteria require that patients demonstrate at least 4 of 11 criteria, with at least one clinical and one immunologic criterion, or lupus nephritis verified with biopsy in the presence of anti-DNA antibodies (ADA) or anti-nucleic acid antibodies (ANA). Clinical criteria are acute cutaneous lupus, chronic cutaneous lupus, oral or nasal ulcers, non-scarring alopecia, arthritis, serositis, renal symptoms, neurologic symptoms, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia or thrombocytopenia (<100,000/mm³). Immunologic criteria include ANA, ADA, anti-Sm, anti-phospholipid antibodies, low complement (C3, C4 or CH50) or direct Coombs' test, which does not count in the presence of hemolytic anemia (Petre et al., Arthritis and Rheumatism August 2012). Active disease may be defined by one British Isles Lupus Activity Group's (BILAG) “A” criteria or two BILAG “B” criteria; SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI); or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) responder index (SRI) described in Furie et al., Arthritis Rheum. 61(9): 1143-51 (2009).

SLE severity and disease activity may be defined by a BILAG score by a clinician with expertise in SLE. The BILAG 2004 index is used to determine the BILAG score (see Yee, et al. Arthritis & Rheumatism 54:3300-3305, 2006; Isenberg et al., Rheumatology 44:902-906; 2005). The BILAG 2004 index assesses 97 clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory parameters across nine organ system domains: constitutional, mucocutaneous, neuropsychiatric, musculoskeletal, cardiorespiratory, gastrointestinal, ophthalmic, renal, and hematological. The 97 symptoms are rated with respect to severity over the previous month (4 weeks) and with respect to any change from the previous examination (new, improving, stable, worsening, absent). A single alphabetic score (A through E) for each of the nine domains is then derived from the examination results in each organ category. Table 2 shows the BILAG categories.

TABLE 2 Category Definition A Severe disease activity requiring any of the following treatment: 1. Systemic high dose oral glucocorticoids (equivalent to prednisolone >20 mg/day); 2. Intravenous pulse glucocorticoids (equivalent to pulse methylprednisolone ≥500 mg); 3. Systemic immunomodulators (include biologicals, immunoglobulins and plasmapheresis); 4. Therapeutic high dose anticoagulation in the presence of high dose steroids or immunomodulators, e.g., warfarin with target INR 3-4. B Moderate disease activity requiring any of the following treatment: 1. Systemic low dose oral glucocorticoids (equivalent to prednisolone ≤20 mg/day); 2. Intramuscular or intra-articular or soft tissue glucocorticoids injection (equivalent to methylprednisolone <500 mg). C Stable mild disease. D Inactive disease but previously affected. E System never involved.

CLE is further classified to acute (ACLE), subacute (SCLE), chronic (CCLE) or intermittent (ICLE) CLE depending on the constellation of clinical features and duration of the cutaneous lesions, laboratory abnormalities, and skin biopsy histological changes. Classification and clinical manifestations of the various CLE forms are reviewed in Kuhn and Landmann, J Autiommunity 48-49:14-19, 2014.

A type I IFN gene signature has been reported to positively correlate with both clinical and serological features of lupus (Karageorgas et al., J Biomed Biotechnol 273907, 2011 Baechler et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:2610-2615, 2003, Bennett et al., J Exp Med 197:711-723, 2003, Dall'era et al. Ann Rheum Dis 64: 1692-1697, 2005, Niewold et al. Genes Immun 8: 492-502, 2007).). A preponderance of autoantibodies in conjunction with their impaired clearance leads to a feedback cycle of IFN production where Fc receptor-dependent internalization of immune complexes into plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) leads to increased amounts of IFN and thus establishment of the IFN signature. In clinical trials, anti-IFN-α antibodies in SLE patients have demonstrated partial reduction of the type I IFN signature in the majority of patients exhibiting the IFN signature and slight efficacy in exploratory analysis (Petri et al., Arthritis and rheumatism 65, 1011 (April, 2013); Merrill J et al., Annals of the rheumatic diseases 70, 314 (2011); Kennedy et al., The 10th International Congress on SLE, Buenos Aires, Argentina Oral Presentation 5, 022, (Apr. 20, 2013)).

The standard of care in lupus management is based on current, accepted medical practice patterns, approved guidance documents developed by rheumatology societies (e.g. American College of Rheumatology, European League Against Rheumatism) and the discretion of treating physicians. Lupus patients continue to have disease activity long after the diagnosis is made, even with proper management, often involving new organ systems or specific organ system damage. There are three patterns of disease activity in lupus: the flare (or remitting, relapsing disease activity), chronically active disease, and long quiescence. These disease patterns are characterized using systematic clinical assessments, routine laboratory tests, standardized measures of disease activity, and integration of these assessments with the patient's own perceptions of health status and quality of life. As the patient's signs and symptoms of flare persist or worsen, the physician may find that a change in medications and/or dosages is warranted. The medications used to control lupus include, but is not limited to the following: (1) NSAIDs, including over-the-counter NSAIDs, e.g., naproxen (Aleve) and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), and stronger NSAIDs available by prescription; (2) Antimalarial drugs, e.g., hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil); (3) Corticosteroids., e.g., Prednisone and other types of corticosteroids, and (4) Immune suppressants, e.g., cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), azathioprine (Imuran, Azasan), mycophenolate (Cellcept), leflunomide (Arava) and methotrexate (Trexall).

The antibodies of the invention may be tested for their efficacy in vitro in disease relevant cells using disease relevant IFN preparations. Such in vitro testing may be for example evaluation of inhibition of IFN production induced by SLE patient immune complexes in whole blood, or assessment of ability of the antibodies to reduce the IFN signature in whole blood as described herein. Animal models of lupus may also be used, such as NZB/NZW F1 mice that exhibit a time-dependent and female-biased disease with several features of human lupus including glomerulonephritis. However, as mice do not produce IFN-ω their utilization as a model to assess efficacy of the antibodies of the invention is more limited.

In some embodiments, the patient exhibits a Type I interferon signature. “Type I interferon signature” or “interferon signature” as used herein refers to the upregulation of a subset of genes that are induced by IFN-I. Various type I IFN signatures are known, ranging from 3-27 genes. These signatures may be utilized for example as pharmacodynamics markers to assess target engagement of Type I IFN inhibitors for treatment of SLE and for purpose of SLE patient stratification.

An exemplary Type I interferon signature is shown in Table 3, consisting of 21 upreguated genes as described in Yao et al., Arthritis and rheumatism 60, 1785 (June, 2009). Other exemplary type I interferon signatures are described in Tcherepanova, I., et al., Annals of the rheumatic diseases 71(Supp13) (2012) and Richardson, B. et al. Development of A Quantitative PCR Method to Determine Interferon Signature Metric Status in SLE Patients: Distribution and Clinical & Serological Associations in Two Lupus Clinical Trials. ACR/ARHP 2012 Annual Meeting Abstract 620 (2012).

In some methods, the anti-IFN-α/ω antibody is a bispecific antibody.

In some methods, the anti-IFN-α/ω bispecific antibody neutralizes BLyS, CD40L, IL-6, CD27, BDCA2, IL-12, IL-23, IFN-αD, IL-17 or CD20.

TABLE 3 Gene Number Symbol Gene Name 1 IFI27 interferon, alpha-inducible protein 27 2 IFI6 interferon, alpha-inducible protein 6 3 RSAD2 radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 4 IFI44 Interferon-induced protein 44 5 IFI44L IFI44L interferon-induced protein 44-like 6 USP18 ubiquitin specific peptidase 18 7 LY6E lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E 8 OAS1 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46 kDa 9 SIGLEC1 SIGLEC1 sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 1 10 ISG15 ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier 11 IFIT1 interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 12 OAS3 OAS3 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 3, 100 kDa 13 HERC5 hect domain and RLD 5 14 MX1 myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 15 LAMP3 lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3 16 EPSTI1 epithelial stromal interaction 1 (breast) 17 IFIT3 interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 18 OAS2 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 2, 69/71 kDa 19 RTP4 receptor (chemosensory) transporter protein 4 20 PLSCR1 Phospholipid scramblase 1 21 DNAPTP6 DNA polymerase-transactivated protein 6

Administration/Pharmaceutical Compositions

The invention provides for pharmaceutical compositions comprising the anti-IFN-α/ω antibody of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. For therapeutic use, anti-IFN-α/ω antibody of the invention may be prepared as pharmaceutical compositions containing an effective amount of anti-IFN-α/ω antibody as an active ingredient in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The term “carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the active compound is administered. Such vehicles may be liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. For example, 0.4% saline and 0.3% glycine can be used. These solutions are sterile and generally free of particulate matter. They may be sterilized by conventional, well-known sterilization techniques (e.g., filtration). The compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating and coloring agents, etc. The concentration of the molecules or antibodies of the invention in such pharmaceutical formulation may vary widely, i.e., from less than about 0.5%, usually to at least about 1% to as much as 15 or 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50% by weight and will be selected primarily based on required dose, fluid volumes, viscosities, etc., according to the particular mode of administration selected. Suitable vehicles and formulations, inclusive of other human proteins, e.g., human serum albumin, are described, for example, in e.g. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21^(st) Edition, Troy, D. B. ed., Lipincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa. 2006, Part 5, Pharmaceutical Manufacturing pp 691-1092, See especially pp. 958-989.

The mode of administration of the anti-IFN-α/ω antibody in the methods of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, may be any suitable route such as parenteral administration, e.g., intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous or subcutaneous, pulmonary, transmucosal (oral, intranasal, intravaginal, rectal) or other means appreciated by the skilled artisan, as well known in the art.

The anti-IFN-α/ω antibody in the methods of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, may be administered to a patient by any suitable route, for example parentally by intravenous (i.v.) infusion or bolus injection, intramuscularly or subcutaneously or intraperitoneally. i.v. infusion may be given over for, example, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, or 240 minutes, or from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 hours.

The dose given to a patient having an immune-mediated inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease such as lupus is sufficient to alleviate or at least partially arrest the disease being treated (“therapeutically effective amount”) and may be sometimes 0.005 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, e.g. about 0.05 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg or about 0.1 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg, or about 1 mg to about 20 mg/kg, or about 4 mg/kg, about 8 mg/kg, about 16 mg/kg or about 24 mg/kg , or, e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 mg/kg, but may even higher, for example about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 mg/kg.

A fixed unit dose may also be given, for example, 50, 100, 200, 500 or 1000 mg, or the dose may be based on the patient's surface area, e.g., 500, 400, 300, 250, 200, or 100 mg/m². Usually between 1 and 8 doses, (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8) may be administered to treat the immune-mediated inflammatory disease, such as lupus, but 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more doses may be given.

The administration of the anti-IFN-α/ω antibody in the methods of the invention and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, may be repeated after one day, two days, three days, four days, five days, six days, one week, two weeks, three weeks, one month, five weeks, six weeks, seven weeks, two months, three months, four months, five months, six months or longer. Repeated courses of treatment are also possible, as is chronic administration. The repeated administration may be at the same dose or at a different dose. For example, the anti-IFN-α/ω antibody in the methods of the invention may be administered at 0.1 mg/kg, at 1 mg/kg, at 5 mg/kg, at 8 mg/kg or at 16 mg/kg at weekly interval for 8 weeks, followed by administration at 8 mg/kg or at 16 mg/kg every two weeks for an additional 16 weeks, followed by administration at 8 mg/kg or at 16 mg/kg every four weeks by intravenous infusion.

The anti-IFN-α/ω antibody may be administered in the methods of the invention and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, by maintenance therapy, such as, e.g., once a week for a period of 6 months or more.

For example, the anti-IFN-α/ω antibody in the methods of the invention and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, may be provided as a daily dosage in an amount of about 0.1-100 mg/kg, such as 0.5, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 mg/kg, per day, on at least one of day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40, or alternatively, at least one of week 3 0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 after initiation of treatment, or any combination thereof, using single or divided doses of every 24, 12, 8, 6, 4, or 2 hours, or any combination thereof.

The anti-IFN-α/ω antibody in the methods of the invention and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, may also be administered prophylactically in order to reduce the risk of developing the immune-mediated inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease such as lupus, delay the onset of the immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the autoimmune disease, and/or reduce the risk of recurrence when the immune-mediated inflammatory disease or the autoimmune disease such as lupus is in remission.

Thus, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention for intramuscular injection may be prepared to contain 1 ml sterile buffered water, and between about 1 ng to about 100 mg/kg, e.g. about 50 ng to about 30 mg/kg or more preferably, about 5 mg to about 25 mg/kg, of the anti-IFN-α/ω antibody of the invention.

For example, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the anti-IFN-α/ω antibody in the methods of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, for intravenous infusion may be made up to contain about 200 ml of sterile Ringer's solution, and about 8 mg to about 2400 mg, about 400 mg to about 1600 mg, or about 400 mg to about 800 mg of the anti-INF-α/ω antibody for administration to a 80 kg patient. Methods for preparing parenterally administrable compositions are well known and are described in more detail in, for example, “Remington's Pharmaceutical Science”, 15th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.

The “therapeutically effective amount” of the IFN-α/ω antibodies of the invention effective in the treatment of an immune-mediated inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease may be determined by standard research techniques. For example, in vitro assays may be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. Optionally, the dosage of the IFN-α/ω antibodies of the invention that may be effective in the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases or autoimmune diseases such as lupus including SLE may be determined by administering the IFN-α/ω antibodies to relevant animal models well known in the art. Selection of a particular effective dose can be determined (e.g., via clinical trials) by those skilled in the art based upon the consideration of several factors. Such factors include the disease to be treated or prevented, the symptoms involved, the patient's body mass, the patient's immune status and other factors known by the skilled artisan. The precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the severity of disease, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances. Effective doses can be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems. The antibodies of the invention may be tested for their efficacy and effective dosage using any of the models described herein.

The anti-IFN-α/ω antibody in the methods of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, may be lyophilized for storage and reconstituted in a suitable carrier prior to use. This technique has been shown to be effective with conventional protein preparations and well known lyophilization and reconstitution techniques can be employed.

The anti-IFN-α/ω antibody in the methods of the invention described herein, and in some embodiments of each and every one of the numbered embodiments listed below, may be administered in combination with a second therapeutic agent simultaneously, sequentially or separately.

The second therapeutic agent may be a corticosteroid, an antimalarial drug, an immunosuppressant, a cytotoxic drug, or a B-cell modulator.

In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, deflazcort, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), mycophenolate sodium, cyclosporine, leflunomide, tacrolimus, rituximab™, or belimumab™.

Further Embodiments of the Invention

Set out below are certain further embodiments of the invention according to the disclosures elsewhere herein. Features from embodiments of the invention set out above described as relating to the invention disclosed herein also relate to each and every one of these further numbered embodiments.

-   1) An isolated monoclonal antibody that binds to and neutralizes a     biological activity of a human interferon omega (IFN-ω) and at least     three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human     interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtypes. -   2) The antibody according to embodiment 1, wherein the biological     activity of the human IFN-ω and the human IFN-α subtypes is the     human IFN-ω or the human IFN-α subtype-induced expression of     secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) under interferon     inducible ISG54 promoter in HEK293 cells stably expressing signal     transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2), interferon     regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) and SEAP. -   3) The antibody according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the antibody     neutralizes the biological activity of the human IFN-ω with an IC₅₀     of at least about 1×10⁻⁹M or less, about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less, about     5×10⁻¹¹M or less, or about 1×10⁻¹¹M or less. -   4) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the     antibody neutralizes the biological activity of the human IFN-ω with     an IC₅₀ value of at least about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less. -   5) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-4, wherein the     antibody neutralizes the activity of the human IFN-ω with an IC₅₀     value of between about 1×10⁻¹⁰M to about 6×10⁻¹²M. -   6) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the     antibody neutralizes the activity of at least three, four, five,     six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven human IFN-α subtypes with an     IC₅₀ value of at least about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M or less. -   7) The antibody according to embodiment 6, wherein the IFN-α     subtypes are selected from the group consisting of IFN-αA, IFN-αB2,     IFN-αC, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αI, IFN-αJ1, IFN-αK, IFN-αWA     and IFN-α4a. -   8) The antibody according to embodiment 7, wherein the antibody     comprises heavy chain complementarity determining region (HCDR) 1     (HCDR1), 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs:     109, 114 and 121, respectfully, and light chain complementarity     determining region (LCDR) 1 (LCDR1), 2 (LCDR2) and 3 (LCDR3) amino     acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 118, 119 and 120. -   9) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the     antibody neutralizes at least six human IFN-α subtypes selected from     the group consisting of IFN-αA, IFN-αB2, IFN-αC, IFN-αF, IFN-αG,     IFN-αH2, IFN-αI, IFN-αJ1, IFN-αK, IFN-αWA and IFN-α4a. -   10) The antibody according to embodiment 9, wherein the antibody     comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and     the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109, 114, 121, 159,     119 and 160, respectively. -   11) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein     the antibody neutralizes at least ten human IFN-α subtypes selected     from the group consisting of IFN-αA, IFN-αB2, IFN-αC, IFN-αF,     IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αI, IFN-αJ1, IFN-αK, IFN-αWA and IFN-α4a. -   12) The antibody according to embodiment 11, wherein the antibody     binds human IFN-ω of SEQ ID NO: 1 at least at amino acid residues     F27, L30 and R33. -   13) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein     the antibody comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1,     the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109,     114, 121, 161, 119 and 162, respectively. -   14) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 11-13, wherein     the antibody neutralizes at least the human IFN-α subtypes IFN-αA,     IFN-αB2, IFN-αC, IFN-αF, IFN-αG, IFN-αH2, IFN-αJ1 and IFN-α4a. -   15) The antibody according to embodiment 14, wherein the antibody     further neutralizes IFN-αI, IFN-αK or IFN-αWA. -   16) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-15, wherein     the antibody     -   a) inhibits leukocyte interferon-induced IP-10 release in whole         blood induced by 250 U/ml of interferon by about 50% or more in         the presence of 10 μg/ml antibody; or     -   b) inhibits systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) immune         complex-induced IP-10 release in whole blood by about 50% or         more in the presence of 10 μ/ml antibody. -   17) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-16, wherein     the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) amino acid     sequence at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% , 96%, 97%, 98% or     99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28 and a light chain variable region     (VL) amino acid sequences at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% ,     96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 150. -   18) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-17,     comprising     -   a) the HCDR1 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 109;     -   b) the HCDR2 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 111, 112 or         113;     -   c) the HCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 115 or116;     -   d) the LCDR1 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 76, 77, 78, 79,         80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 or 91;     -   e) the LCDR2 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 93, 94 or 95;         and     -   f) the LCDR3 amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 96, 97, 98, 99,         100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106 or 107. -   19) The antibody according to embodiment 18, comprising the HCDR1,     the HCDR2, the HCDR3, the LCDR1, the LCDR2 and the LCDR3 sequences     of SEQ ID NOs:     -   a) 109, 113, 116, 77, 93 and 104, respectively;     -   b) 109, 113, 116, 85, 93 and 96, respectively;     -   c) 109, 113, 115, 79, 95 and 107, respectively;     -   d) 109, 113, 116, 76, 93 and 103, respectively;     -   e) 109, 113, 115, 85, 93 and 96, respectively;     -   f) 109, 113, 115, 89, 95 and 100, respectively;     -   g) 109, 113, 116, 86, 93 and 105, respectively;     -   h) 109, 113, 115, 76, 93 and 103, respectively;     -   i) 109, 113, 116, 80, 93 and 97, respectively;     -   j) 109, 113, 116, 84, 93 and 97, respectively;     -   k) 109, 113, 116, 90, 93 and 97, respectively;     -   l) 109, 113, 116, 88, 93 and 102, respectively;     -   m) 109, 113, 116, 87, 93 and 105, respectively;     -   n) 109, 113, 116, 91, 93 and 106, respectively;     -   o) 109, 113, 115, 80, 93 and 97, respectively;     -   p) 109, 113, 116, 83, 93 and 101, respectively;     -   q) 109, 113, 116, 82, 94 and 98, respectively;     -   r) 109, 113, 115, 78, 95 and 100, respectively;     -   s) 109, 111, 116, 81, 93 and 106, respectively;     -   t) 109, 113, 116, 82, 94 and 99, respectively;     -   u) 109, 113, 115, 81, 93 and 106, respectively;     -   v) 109, 112, 116, 81, 93 and 106, respectively; or     -   w) 109, 113, 116, 81, 93 and 106, respectively. -   20) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-19, wherein     the antibody is humanized or human. -   21) The antibody according to embodiment 20, wherein the human     antibody heavy chain variable region framework is derived from human     germline gene IGHV5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 155). -   22) The antibody according to embodiment 21, wherein the human     antibody light chain variable region framework is derived from human     germline gene IGKV1D-39 (SEQ ID NO: 156). -   23) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein     the antibody is of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 subtype. -   24) The antibody according to embodiment 23, wherein the antibody     has at least one substitution in an Fc region. -   25) The antibody according to embodiment 24, wherein the wherein the     substitution comprises a substitution M252Y/S254T/T256E,     V234A/G237A/P238S/H28AN309L/A330S/P331S or P238S/L234A/L235A,     wherein residue numbering is according to the EU numbering. -   26) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-26,     comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain     variable region (VL), wherein the     -   a) VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 28, 31,         157 or 158. -   27) The antibody according to embodiment 26, wherein the VL     comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 39, 40, 42, 46,     52, 53, 54, 57, 61, 62, 68, 71, 73, 75, 135 or 150. -   28) The antibody according to embodiment 27 comprising the VH and     the VL of SEQ ID NOs:     -   a) 28 and 40, respectively;     -   b) 28 and 39, respectively;     -   c) 31 and 62, respectively;     -   d) 28 and 54, respectively;     -   e) 31 and 39, respectively;     -   f) 31 and 68, respectively;     -   g) 28 and 42, respectively;     -   h) 31 and 54, respectively;     -   i) 28 and 53, respectively;     -   j) 28 and 73, respectively;     -   k) 28 and 75, respectively;     -   l) 28 and 52, respectively;     -   m) 28 and 35, respectively;     -   n) 28 and 135, respectively;     -   o) 31 and 53, respectively;     -   p) 28 and 46, respectively;     -   q) 28 and 61, respectively;     -   r) 31 and 57, respectively;     -   s) 157 and 71, respectively;     -   t) 28 and 150, respectively;     -   u) 31 and 71, respectively;     -   v) 158 and 71, respectively; or     -   w) 28 and 71, respectively. -   29) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-28, wherein     the antibody is bispecific. -   30) The antibody according to embodiment 29, wherein the antibody     binds BLyS, CD40L, IL-6, CD27, BDCA2, IL-12, IL-23, IFN-αD, IL-17,     CD20, IL-10, CD22, IL-21, ICOS, ICOSL or IFN-γ. -   31) A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody according     to any one of embodiments 1-30 and a pharmaceutically accepted     carrier. -   32) A polynucleotide encoding the antibody VH or VL or the antibody     VH and VL of any one of embodiments 1-28. -   33) A vector comprising the polynucleotide of embodiment 32. -   34) A host cell comprising the vector of embodiment 33. -   35) A method of producing the antibody of embodiment 19, comprising     culturing the host cell of embodiment 33 in conditions that the     antibody is expressed, and recovering the antibody produced by the     host cell. -   36) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-30 for use in     the treatment of an immune-mediated inflammatory disease or an     autoimmune disease. -   37) The antibody according to embodiment 36 for use of     -   a) the immune-mediated inflammatory disease or the autoimmune         disease, wherein the immune-mediated inflammatory disease or the         autoimmune disease is optinally lupus, psoriasis, immune         thrombocytopenia (ITP), Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS),         systemic sclerosis, Sjögren's syndrome, myositis, common         variable immune deficiency (CVID), autoimmune thyroid disease,         type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection or         graft versus host disease (GVHD);     -   b) chronic viral infection, wherein the chronic viral infection         is optionally HIV or hepatitis C infection. -   38) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-30 for use in     the treatment of lupus. -   39) The antibody according to embodiment 38 for use of lupus,     wherein lupus is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or cutaneous     lupus erythematosus (CLE). -   40) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-30 for use in     the treatment of an immune-mediated inflammatory disease or lupus,     wherein the patient to be treated has     -   a) lupus nephritis; or     -   b) exhibits a Type I interferon signature. -   41) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-30 for use     according to embodiments 37-40 in combination with a second     therapeutic agent. -   42) The antibody according to embodiment 41, wherein the second     therapeutic agent is     -   a) an antibody that binds BLyS, CD40L, IL-6, CD27, BDCA2, IL-12,         IL-23, IFN-αD, IL-17, CD20, IL-10, CD22, IL-21, ICOS, ICOSL or         IFN-γ;     -   b) a corticosteroid, an antimalarial drug, an immunosuppressant,         a cytotoxic drug, or a B-cell modulator; or     -   c) prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, deflazcort,         hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, methotrexate,         cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), mycophenolate         sodium, cyclosporine, leflunomide, tacrolimus, rituximab™ or         belimumab™. -   43) The antibody according to any one of embodiments 1-30, wherein     the antibody does not neutralize IFN-αD, IFN-α1 and/or IFN-β.

The present invention will now be described with reference to the following specific, non-limiting examples.

Materials and Methods ISRE Reporter Gene Assay (“ISRE Reporter Gene Assay”)

HEK-Blue™ IFN-α/β cells (InvivoGen, San Diego, Calif.) engineered to express a fully active type I IFN signaling pathway (stably expressing STAT2 and IRF9) and transfected with a SEAP reporter gene under the control of the IFN-α/β inducible ISG54 promoter was used. The cells were grown in collagen type I coated T150 flasks in Dulbecco's modified eagle media with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 ug/ml blasticidin and 30 ug/ml zeocin at 37° C., 5% CO₂. Cells were harvested and plated in 384-well plates at 50 μl per well at 50,000 cells per ml. Plated cells were incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ for 24 hr. Tested interferon samples were prepared and diluted in spent HEK ISRE serum free medium, and 50 μl of IFN sample was added to each well. Plated cells were incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ for 20 hr. Alkaline phosphatase was detected from 20 μl of plated cell supernatants with 60 μl/well QUANTI-Blue™ resuspended in filtered water after incubation for 20 min at room temperature. Optical density was read on a Biotek Synergy plate reader at 650 nm.

Some ISRE reporter gene assays were done in 96-well plates as follows: HEK-Blue™ IFN-α/β cells (InvivoGen, San Diego, Calif.) were plated at 50,000 cells per well in 100 μl of selection free media (DMEM+Glutamax/10% FBS, Gibco) and allowed to incubate overnight at 37° C. The next day, type I IFN stimuli were prepared (i.e. recombinant interferon, leukocyte IFN, IC induced IFN preps, serum, etc) with or without type I IFN inhibitors in a separate 96 well U-bottom transfer plate (BD Falcon) and prewarmed at 37° C. for 10 minutes. A plate of cells was removed from incubator and media was removed and replaced with 100 μl of appropriate treatments prepared in 96 well U-bottom transfer plate. Cells were placed back at 37° C. for 24 hours. The next day, 40 μl of supernatant was transferred to a 96 well flat bottom plate (BD Falcon) containing160 μl of QUANTI-Blue™ SEAP substrate (Invivogen). Plate was allowed to develop for about 15 minutes at which time it was read using a spectrometer at an absorbancy of 650 nm.

EXAMPLE 1 Soluble IFN-ω is Present and Active in the Blood of SLE Patients

Plasma from two independent SLE cohorts from Nanjing China and serum collected from a Caucasian cohort in the USA were analyzed for soluble IFNω and IFN-α using a multiplex ELISA using a VeriPlex human interferon multiplex ELISA kit (PBL Assay Science, cat no 51500-1) according to manufacturer's instructions. The multiplex ELISA detects many, but not all of the IFN-α subtypes and may not accurately reflect quantitative differences between total IFN-α levels versus IFN-ω.

IFN-ω, in addition of IFN-α, was found to be elevated in certain patients from both Nanjing China cohort (FIG. 1A) and Caucasian cohort (FIG. 1B) from each cohort. FIG. 1A shows results from only those patients that were found to have elevated IFN-α or IFN-ω. Serum samples from the Caucasian group were further screened for IFN-I activity using an ISRE reporter gene assay. Donors exhibiting the greatest amount of detectable IFN protein by ELISA also demonstrated the greatest level of ISRE induction in the reporter gene assay (FIG. 1C).

EXAMPLE 2 Combined Blockade of IFN-ω and IFN-α Results in Greater Inhibition of SLE Immune Complex-Induced IFN than IFN-α Blockade Alone

Effect of inhibition of IFN-α alone or both IFN-ω and IFN-α to reduce SLE immune complex-induced IFN, a stimulus better representing the type I IFN milieu present in SLE, was evaluated. SLE immune complex-induced IFN was prepared by stimulating human PBMCs with immune complexes prepared from two individual SLE donors and this conditioned media was utilized in a type I IFN-inducible reporter gene assay (ISRE reporter gene assay) in the presence of IFN inhibitors and controls.

Immune Complex Preparation

SLE donor 232 and 293 plasma (prescreened for IFN activity) and healthy control plasma (Astarte Biologics) was utilized for IgG purification using protein A/G columns (Thermo Scientific, Cat #89958) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Serum from a pooled healthy donor preparation (Life Technologies, Cat #34005100) was used for purification of healthy control IgG. To create lysates for immune complex formation, HEK293T cells (ATCC, Cat #CRL-3216) were concentrated to 5×10⁷ cells/ml in 1× DPBS (Life Technologies, Cat #14190-250). To create lysates, freeze thawing was performed for 4 cycles of 10 minutes, freezing at −80° C. and thawing at 37° C., except for an initial freezing of 30 min. After 4^(th) freeze-thaw, cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 400×g for 5 minutes. Purified IgG preparations and cell lysates were then quantitated using a BCA protein assay (Pierce, Cat #23225) according to manufacturer's instructions. To create immune complexed stimulated conditioned media preparations, PBMCs from healthy donor sodium heparinized blood were isolated using Cell Preparation tubes (BD Vacutainer, Cat #362753), resuspended in RPMI 1640 (Life Technologies, Cat #11875-085)+10% FBS (Life Technologies, Cat #16140-063) media at 2×10⁶ cells/ml and plated in 6 well plates in a volume of 2 ml/well. Purified IgG from SLE and healthy serum was premixed with cell lysates at equivalent concentrations of 500 ug/ml each and incubated at RT for 30 minutes and then added to PBMCs in a volume of 2 ml per well and incubated for 24 hours at 37° C. Plates were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes and PBMC immune complex-stimulated conditioned media was collected, aliquoted, and stored at −80° C. for future use.

Activity Assay

HEK-Blue IFNα/β cells (Invivogen) were plated in a 96 well flat bottom plate at 50,000 cells per well in 200 μl DMEM (Life Technologies)+10% fetal bovine serum (Life Technologies) and incubated for 5 hours at 37° C. to allow cells to adhere to plate. After 5 hours, Hek-Blue cells were removed from incubator and supernatants were replaced with a 1:6 dilution of donor 232 PBMC conditioned media or a 1:81 dilution of donor 293 conditioned media (using HEK-Blue cell culture media as a diluent) with or without the following treatments: broad anti-IFN-α antagonist mAb (M24, human IgG1) at 0.4, 2, 10, 50, and 100 μg/ml along with a fixed concentrations of 20 μg/ml isotype control (R&D Systems, murine IgG1), 100 μg/ml anti-IFN-α combined with 20 μg/ml anti-IFN-ω antagonist mAb (eBioscience, clone OMGS, murine IgG1), or 100 μg/ml human IgG1 isotype control (Southern Biotech) combined with 20 μg/ml murine IgG1 isotype control. Cells were incubated overnight at 37° C. The next day, 40 μl of cell supernatant from each well was removed and added to 160 μl of Quanti-Blue alkaline phosphatase substrate (Invivogen) in a separate 96 well flat bottom plate. Supernatants were allowed to react with the substrate for 10 minutes at which time the plate was read on a spectrophotometer at 650 nm wavelength. Optical densities were plotted in GraphPad Prism

The additional blockade of IFN-ω in the presence of IFN-α antagonist resulted in enhanced suppression of SLE-relevant IFN-I activity than blockade of IFN-α alone (FIG. 2). As expected, conditioned media from PBMCs stimulated with immune complexes from healthy donor (HV IC Conditioned media) did not have detectable ISRE activity indicating the interferogenic potential of SLE patient immune complexes.

EXAMPLE 3 Immunomodulatory Effects of IFN-ω are Similar to Those of IFN-α

Ability of IFN-ω to induce chemokine secretion, IFN gene signature, dendritic cell maturation and activation, and B-cell maturation was evaluated in comparison to IFN-α. In these studies, IFN-αA and IFN-α2, two of the most widely used therapeutic IFN-α molecules, were primarily used as representative IFN-α subtype controls. In some assays, IFN-αB2 was used.

Induction of Chemokine Secretion and IFN Gene Signature

PBMCs isolated from 6 individual healthy human donors were stimulated with IFN-αA (IFN-α2) or IFN-ω, and the supernatants and pellets were collected for analyses. 3, 6 and 24 hours post-treatment. A panel of 25 cytokines were measured from the supernatants using Luminex immunoassay: IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, TNFα, IFN-α, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, IP-10, MIG, Eotaxin, RANTES, and MCP-1. IFN-ω and IFN-α2 both enhanced the level of detectable IP-10, MCP-1, IL-1RA, IL-6, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β. FIG. 3 shows the induction of IP-10 by IFN-ω and IFN-α2. IL-8 secretion was reduced by both treatments in these experiments. IL-2R, IL-12 and RANTES levels were not altered by IFN-α or IFN-ω treatment (with the exception of one donor which had an increase in RANTES only). All other analytes in the cytokine panel did not change with respect to IFN-α or IFN-ω treatment or were below the limit of detection.

Collected pellets were processed for RNA and evaluated using a 21-gene IFN panel signature by microarray to evaluate possible similarities and/or differences in IFN-ω and IFN-α induced expression. Human PBMCs treated with IFN-ω exhibited neary indistinguishable qualitative and kinetic gene expression responses as compared to IFN-αA-treated cells. 92.5% of genes modulated by IFN-αA treatment versus untreated control were also modulated by IFN-ω treatment at 3 h. At the 6 and 24 h post-treatment time points, 97.83% and 99.25% of genes modulated by IFN-α treatment were also modulated by IFN-ω, respectively (data not shown).

In summary, IFN-α and IFN-ω induced indistinguishable qualitative cytokine release and gene expression profiles between PBMC preparations obtained from 6 individual healthy human donors suggesting that they may confer similar immunomodulatory effects.

IFN-ω Induces Differentiation of Dendritic Cells which is Inhibited by IFN-ω Blocking Antibodies

Ability of IFN-ω and IFN-α to induce monocyte to DC differentiation and the functionality was evaluated.

Purified monocytes were differentiated to DC in the presence of GM-CSF alone or with IFN-α or IFN-ω in the presence or absence of 50 μg/ml anti-IFN-α or anti-IFN-ω for 3 days using standard methods. Cells were harvested and analyzed for surface marker expression by 8-color FACS. Both IFN-α and IFN-ω induced characteristic DC surface marker expression CD83, and CD80, CD86, CD40, CD11c, and reduced expression or monocyte marker CD14. Addition of either anti-IFN-α or anti-IFN-ω at concentration 50 μg/ml at the beginning of culture partially inhibited DC differentiation while the isotype antibody had no effect (data not shown).

Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was used to demonstrate the functionality of the differentiated DCs. The differentiated DCs were harvested, washed, resuspended in fresh media, and cultured with purified CD4+ T cells at DC:CD4⁺T cell ratios of 1:10, 1:20, and 1:100. On day 6 supernatants were collected and analyzed for secreted cytokines using a multiplex beads assay for 26 cytokines/chemokines. DCs differentiated in the presence of either IFN-α or IFN-ω activated CD4⁺ cells as shown by secretion of T cell specific cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17. DCs differentiated in the presence either the anti-IFN-α or the anti-IFN-ω antibody did not induce CD4⁺ T cell activation. FIG. 4A shows the lack of induced IFN-γ secretion from the CD4+ cells activated by DCs differentiated in the presence of anti-IFN-α or anti-IFN-ω antibodies. FIG. 4B shows the lack of induced IL-17 secretion from the CD4+ cells activated by DCs differentiated in the presence of anti-IFN-α or anti-IFN-ω antibodies. IFN-α and IFN-ω also induced secretion of IL-4, IL-5, IL-12p40 and IL-13 (data not shown). All culture conditions included GM-CSF. Data is representative of 2 studies. Error bars indicate SD of Luminex triplicates. In the experiment shown in the figure, data illustrated a DC to CD4 T cell ratio of 1:20 was used.

IFN-ω Induces T-Cell Independent B Cell Activation

B cells play a critically important role in lupus pathogenesis through the production of pathogenic autoantibodies and cytokines, and by presenting antigens to T cells. B cell activation and functional maturation can occur in a T cell-dependent (TD) or T cell-independent (TI) fashion. In TI B cell responses, B cells are released from T-dependent tolerance control as TLR ligands or dendritic cell-derived cytokines are able to substitute for T cell help. In SLE, where both TLR ligands (e.g. double-stranded DNA) and DC-derived cytokines (e.g. type I IFNs) are believed to contribute to disease pathogenesis, TI B cell activation represents a likely relevant mechanism. Besides the production of autoantibodies, autoreactive B cells are thought to play important pathogenic roles by presenting autoantigens to T cells and secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines. IFN-α has been reported to enhance the production of pro-inflammatory IL-6 by human B cells activated with antibodies against the B cell receptor (BCR) and CpG (mimicking specific antigen and TLR-signals, respectively) in the absence of T cell-derived factors. Furthermore, co-culture with plasmacytoid DCs was shown to enhance B cell activation as determined by CD86 expression levels that was dependent on soluble factors. The ability of IFN-ω to enhance CD86-expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by human B cells was investigated using a T cell-independent culture system Peripheral blood B cells were cultured with CpG (ODN-2006), anti-BCR, and CpG & anti-BCR, and varying concentrations of IFN-α2 (Alpha 2b) or IFN-ω as indicated (IFN concentrations in U/ml). CD86-expression (median fluorescence levels) was determined after 3 days by flow cytometry, and supernatants were analyzed by 26-plex Luminex immunoassay, including IL-6. The results were expressed as mean values of duplicate samples±SD.

Dose-dependent IFN-ω-induced up-regulation of CD86 expression upon anti-BCR and anti-BCR/CpG stimulation was observed with both donor samples tested, whereas co-culture of B lymphocytes without stimulus showed only a weak effect. INF-ω induced CD86 expression to a similar extent than IFN-α2B. FIG. 5A shows the IFN-ω-induced CD86 expression from B cells from one donor. IFN-ω also dose-dependently induced IL-6-production upon CpG and anti-BCR/CpG stimulation to similar extent than IFN-α2B with both donor samples tested. FIG. 5B shows the IFN-ω-induced IL-6 secretion from B cells from one donor.

IFN-ω Induces BLyS Secretion

BLyS (BAFF) is a B cell survival factor and a clinically validated target in human SLE. IFN-α treatment has been found to induce BLyS gene expression in vivo as determined by microarray and qPCR analysis of PBMCs isolated from patients 24 h after dosing. Ability of IFN-ω to induce secretion of BLyS was therefore assessed.

PBMCs were isolated from two different normal healthy donors. Equivalent concentrations of IFN-ω and IFN-α were used to stimulate cells for 72 hours at which time supernatants were collected and analyzed by ELISA for soluble BLyS. Results were expressed as mean values of duplicate samples±SD.

IFN-ω and IFN-α were similarly competent in inducing the secretion of BLyS in human PBMCs in vitro. Results from one donor are shown in FIG. 6.

EXAMPLE 4 Generation of Human Type I IFN Antigens Used for Immunization, Phage Panning, Antibody Characterization, and Crystallography Studies

20 individual recombinant human type I IFN alphas shown in Table 4 were cloned and expressed in HEK 293 cells using standard methods using signal sequences, such as SEQ ID NOs: 21-25. The proteins are human unless otherwise stated. To improve expression level and solubility, a single amino acid mutant at position 80 of human IFN-ω, IFN-ω T80E was generated and expressed in HEK 293 cells. The T80E IFN-ω variant (SEQ ID NO: 2) had comparable activity to the wild type protein. IFN-αD and IFN-α1 differ by one amino acid at position 114 (valine vs alanine). Alpha A and Alpha 2 differ by one amino acid at position 23 (lysine in Alpha A vs. arginine in Alpha 2). Alpha 4 has two forms, 4a and 4b that differ by two amino acids at position 51 (alanine in Alpha 4a and threonine in Alpha 4b) and 114 (glutamate in Alpha 4a vs valine in Alpha 4b). These variations are located outside the receptor binding region and do not affect activity. Antibodies were found to neutralize these pairs of variants (αD/α1, αA/α2 and α4a/α4b) equally well and subsequently in some experiments only one antigen of each pair was used.

TABLE 4 GenBank Alternative Accession Number SEQ ID IFN Protein Name Adopted NO: IFN-αA IFN-α2a V00549 5 IFN-αB2 IFN-α8 X03125 6 IFN-αC IFN-α10 NM_002171.1 7 IFN-αD Val114 IFN-α1 V00538 8 IFN-αF IFN-α21 V00540 9 IFN-αG IFN-α5 X02956 10 IFN-αH2 IFN-α14 X02959 11 IFN-αI IFN-α17 V00532 12 IFN-αJ1 IFN-α7 X02960 13 IFN-αK IFN-α6 X02958 14 IFN-α4b IFN-α4 X02955 15 IFN-αWA IFN-α16 X02957 16 IFN-α2 IFN-α2b V00548, 17 NM_00605.2 IFN-α1 Ala114 IFN-αD J00210 18 IFN-α4a IFN-αM1 NM_021068 19 IFN-β V00534 20 IFN-ω NM_002177.1 1 IFN-ω T80E 2 Chimp IFN-ω XM_528554.1 3 Cyno IFN-ω NA 4

EXAMPLE 5 Generation of Antibodies Binding to IFN-α and IFN-ω

IFN-α and IFN-ω-binding Fabs were selected from de novo pIX phage display libraries as described in Shi et al., J Mol Biol 397:385-96, 2010; Int. Pat. Publ. No. WO2009/085462; U.S. Pat. Publ. No. US2010/0021477). Briefly, the libraries were generated by diversifying human scaffolds where germline VH genes IGHV1-69*01, IGHV3-23*01, and IGHV5-51*01 were recombined with the human IGHJ-4 minigene via the H3 loop, and human germline VLkappa genes O12 (IGKV1-39*01), L6 (IGKV3-11*01), A27 (IGKV3-20*01), and B3 (IGKV4-1*01) were recombined with the IGKJ-1 minigene to assemble complete VH and VL domains. The positions in the heavy and light chain variable regions around H1, H2, L1, L2 and L3 loops corresponding to positions identified to be frequently in contact with protein and peptide antigens were chosen for diversification. Sequence diversity at selected positions was limited to residues occurring at each position in the IGHV or IGLV germline gene families of the respective IGHV or IGLV genes. Diversity at the H3 loop was generated by utilizing short to mid-sized synthetic loops of lengths 7-14 amino acids. The amino acid distribution at H3 was designed to mimic the observed variation of amino acids in human antibodies. Library design is detailed in Shi et al., J Mol Biol 397:385-96, 2010. The scaffolds utilized to generate libraries were named according to their human VH and VL germline gene origin. The three heavy chain libraries were combined with the four germline light chains or germline light chain libraries to generate 12 unique VH:VL combinations for panning experiments against IFN-α and IFN-ω.

The libraries were panned against either biotinylated human IFN-α2 or biotinylated human IFN-αG. After three rounds of panning, a polyclonal phage ELISA using human IFN-α2, IFN-αG and cynomolgus IFN-ω as antigens was performed to detect the specific enrichment of individual panning experiments. The phage collected from those panning experiments which demonstrated enrichment for binders to IFN-α2, IFN-αG and IFN-ω were further screened with a monoclonal Fab ELISA in which Fab proteins expressed from individual Fab clones were used as binders. The Fab clones with binding signal to 20 nM biotinylated antigen three times higher than the negative control were selected for secondary Fab screening. Select Fabs were cloned into IgG1/κ background and characterized further using ProteOn and ISRE reporter gene assay. From these assays, mAb IFWM371 was selected for further engineering and affinity maturation.

Table 5 shows affinities (K_(D)) and IC₅₀ values for IFWM371 as measured using ProteOn and ISRE reporter gene assay for various Type I IFNs as well as IFN-β. Except IFN-α1 (IFN-αD), IFWM371 bound to all human IFN-alpha proteins tested ranging from 179 pM-10 nM. The antibodies did not bind IFN-α1 (IFN-αD). The antibody bound also human, chimpanzee and cynomolgus IFN-ω but did not bind IFN-β. IFWM371 demonstrated neutralizing activity to all tested IFN-α molecules except IFN-α1 (αD), which the antibody did not neutralize. IFWM371 contains the VH IFWH591 (SEQ ID NO: 28) and the VL PH9L4 (germline 012) (SEQ ID NO: 29.

TABLE 5 K_(D) (pM) IC₅₀ (nM) IFN-αA 813 8.4 IFN-αB2 1140 19.3 IFN-αC 1670 53.9 IFN-αD NB NN IFN-αF 5310 16 IFN-αG 1110 12.9 IFN-αH2 179 9.6 IFN-αJ1 10800 35.7 IFN-αK 245 7.3 IFN-αWA 3180 74.2 IFN-α4a 5390 32.8 IFN-β NB NN chimp IFN-ω 1080 cyno IFN-ω 887 human IFN-ω ND 43.9 NB: no binding ND: not done NN: non-neutralizing

EXAMPLE 6 Crystal Structure of IFWM371 in Complex with IFN-ω T80E

In order to reveal the epitope and paratope, the structural basis for its broad binding specificity to IFN-α subtypes and IFN-ω, and to provide support for engineering to improve affinity and specificity, the crystallography study of human IFN-ω T80E in complex with Fab of IFWM371 was performed.

His-tagged Fab IFWM371 (IgG1/kappa isotype) was cloned and expressed in HEK293 cells and purified using affinity, ion exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. The Fab was received in 20 mM Tris pH 7.4, 50 mM NaCl. Human IFN-ω T80E variant (hereafter simply IFN-ω) with a C-terminal 6× His-Tag was expressed in HEK293 cells. The protein was received in 20 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 50 mM NaCL.

The complex was prepared by mixing of IFN-ω with Fab IFWM371 in molar ratio of 1.2:1.0 (excess IFN-ω), incubated at 4° C. overnight, and purified on Superdex 200 column equilibrated with 20 mm HEPES pH 7.5, 0.25 M NaCl, then concentrated to 9.96 mg/ml using Amicon-Ultra 10 kDa cutoff. Crystals suitable for X-diffraction were obtained from 20% PEG 3K, 0.2M ammonium phosphate dibasic with MMS seeding (Obmolova, G., Malia, T. J., Teplyakov, A., Sweet, R. & Gilliland, G. L. (2010). Promoting crystallization of antibody-antigen complexes via microseed matrix screening. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 66, 927-33.).

For X-ray data collection, one crystal of IFN-ω/Fab IFWM371 complex was soaked for a few seconds in the mother liquor (20% PEG 3350, 0.2 M (NH₄)₂HPO₄, pH 7.9) supplemented with 20% glycerol, and flash frozen in the stream of nitrogen at 100 K. X-ray diffraction data were collected using a Rigaku MicroMax™-007HF microfocus X-ray generator equipped with an Osmic™ VariMax™ confocal optics, Saturn 944 CCD detector, and an X-stream™ 2000 cryocooling system (Rigaku, Tex.). Diffraction intensities were detected over a 205° crystal rotation in quarter-degree images. The X-ray data were processed with the program XDS. X-ray data statistics are given in Table 6.

The structure of the IFN-ω/Fab IFM371 complex was solved by molecular replacement (MR) with Phaser. The search models for MR were the crystal structure of Fab 15 (PDB ID 3NA9; Luo, J., Obmolova, G., Huang, A., Strake, B., Teplyakov, A., Malia, T., Muzammil, S., Zhao, Y., Gilliland, G. L. & Feng, Y. (2010). Coevolution of antibody stability and Vkappa CDR-L3 canonical structure. J Mol Biol 402, 708-19) and IFN-α4A. However, an MR solution could not be obtained for IFN-ω due to severe inter-molecular clashes. Inspection of the electron density map phased with Fab IFWM371 alone showed the electron density for over half of the IFN-ω molecule is missing. However, the remaining part of the IFN-ω molecule was readily fit in the density. The structure was then refined with PHENIX and model adjustments were carried out using COOT.

TABLE 6 Crystal data Space group C2 Unit cell dimensions a, b, c (Å) 153.84, 69.84, 54.69 α, β, γ (°) 90, 106.87, 90 Asymmetric unit content 1 complex X-ray data Resolution (Å)   50-1.81 (1.85-1.81)* Number of measured reflections 175,220 (1,217)  Number of unique reflections 43,466 (588)   Completeness (%) 85.20 (39.5)  R_(merge) 0.056 (0.321) <I/σ> 16.1 (3.1)  B-factor (Wilson plot) (Å²) 20.1 Refinement Resolution (Å) 30.6-1.81 (1.84-1.81) Number of refls used in refinement 43,463 (1113)   Number of all atoms 4,594 Number of water molecules 481 Rcryst (%) 18.3 (25.9) Rfree (%) 21.5 (38.1) RMSD bond lengths (Å) 0.002 RMSD bond angles (°) 0.73 RMSD B-factor main-chain (Å²) 5.6 Mean B-factor (Å²) 26.0 Protein 23.2 Solvent 38.0 MolProbity [25] Clash score 6.8 Rotamer outliers (%) 1.2 Ramachandran favored (%) 98.5 Ramachandran outliers (%) 0.0 Cβ deviation >0.25 Å 0 *Values for high-resolution shell are in parentheses

The overall molecular structure of the IFN-ω/Fab IFWM371 complex is shown in FIG. 7A. There was one complex in the asymmetric unit. The molecular model for the IFN-ω molecule included residues 23-39 and 119-153, corresponding to helical segment AB and helices D and E. Residue numbering is according to IFN-ω amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. The helices A, B and C and the connecting loops were disordered. The Fab molecular model contained residues from 1 to 212 for the light chain (SEQ ID NO: 29) and from 1 to 222 for the heavy chain (SEQ ID NO: 28). The C-terminal 6× His tag, inter-chain disulfide bond and residues of 137-141 of the heavy chain were disordered. In addition, there were a number of water molecules at the antibody/antigen interface that formed an extensive H-bonding networks (FIG. 7B).

The observed parts of IFN-ω molecule were nearly identical to the corresponding parts of full-length model of a published IFN-ω (PDB id 3se4, Cα rmsd of 0.54 Å for 40 residues) and very similar to IFN-α2 with an average Cα rmsd of 0.42 Å (six IFN-α2 molecules, pdb code 1rh2) for about 40 Cα atoms. The model for IFN-ω in the IFN-ω/Fab IFWM371 contained only parts of helices C and D as well as connecting loop (loop AB). The other parts were absent in the electron density. Crystal packing analyses showed that there was not enough room for the missing helices. Careful analyses of the diffraction data indicated this was not an artifact due to abnormalities such as twinning or incorrect space group assignment. Thus, it was most likely that the IFN-ω protein had been cleaved during the crystallization process.

Fab IFWM371 recognized a conformational epitope that is composed of residues of the AB loop (between S25 and D35) and residues M146, and K150 of helix E (FIG. 8A). The paratope is composed of residues from five CDRs except LCDR2. The paratope residues form a series of pockets into which dock the side chains of residues F27, L30, and R33 of the short AB helix of IFN-ω. FIG. 8B shows the paratope residues in VL and VH of IFWM371. The antibody and antigen interactions appear to be mostly van der Waals (vdw) and hydrophobic packing as well as H bonds between the antibody and antigen. FIG. 8C shows a 2D Interaction map between IFN-ω and IFWM371 interactions. In the figure, IFN-ω epitope residues are highlighted in grey, VL paratope residues are boxed, and VH paratope residues are circled. The figure demonstrates that most antigen/antibody interactions are formed by the three epitope residues F27, L30 and R33 of the IFN-ω AB helix. Thus, this region of IFN-ω constitutes the main part of the epitope. Another feature of this complex is that water molecules appeared to play a significant role mediating antigen recognition. Three water clusters (WCs) were present at the interface. WC1 contributed to H bond interactions between HCDR3 and R34, F36 and E147 of IFN-ω. WC2 mediated VH/VL pairing and H bonding between Fv and the main epitope residues L30, R33 and its neighbors. WC3 water molecules were at the periphery of the interface, probably less important for the interactions.

IFWM371 strongly binds a number of IFN-α subtypes and IFN-ω except IFN-αD or IFN-α1. IFWM371 does not bind IFN-β. The sequence alignment of IFNs is shown in FIG. 9. The IFWM371 epitope residues are largely conserved among the subtypes, suggesting that the broad specificity of IFNM371 is a result of epitope conservation. IFN-αD or IFN-α1, however, to which IFWM371 does not bind to, contains S27 instead of F27, leading to a loss of the majority of hydrophobic contacts of F27 side chain. Since F27 is docked in a deep pocket formed by residues of HCDR2, HCDR3 and LCDR3, loss of the side chain contacts most likely accounts for the very low or no binding by IFN-αD and IFN-α1 proteins. This also suggests that F27 is one of the binding “hot spot” residues. P26 is a residue that is less well conserved. A His or Leu residue occupies this position in several IFN-α subtypes. Because of the size and shape differences, this residue can significantly influence the local interactions between IFWM371 and IFN-α's with these mutations.

EXAMPLE 7 Alanine Scan of IFWM371

Alanine scan of IFWM371 heavy and light chain CDR residues was conducted to guide subsequent affinity-maturation efforts. All residues in the CDRs of both heavy and light chains were replaced with alanine except some low solvent exposure or non-solvent exposed residues. When native residues at CDRs were alanine, they were replaced with Tyrosine and/or Serine and/or Aspartic acid. One position with possible developability liabilities (W104 in IFWH591, SEQ ID NO 28) was replaced with Alanine, Tyrosine, Serine, and Aspartic acid. The mutated mAbs were transiently expressed in HEK 293 cells and cell supernatants were tested for binding activity to a panel of IFNs by ELISA. Two V_(H) mutants, IFWH591 R59A (SEQ ID NO: 30) and IFWH591 N103A (SEQ ID NO: 31), had significantly improved binding compared to the parent mAb.

EXAMPLE 8 Affinity-Maturation of IFWM371 Library Design

Two distinct V_(L) libraries (PH9L4L2 and PH9L4L3) were designed and used to affinity-mature IFWM371 light chain PH9L4 (O12) (SEQ ID NO: 29). The positions chosen for diversification of library PH9L4L2 were based on residue positions frequently found in anti-protein and anti-peptide complexes. The residues used to diversify each position were encoded within the germline gene family of IGKV genes (Shi et al (2010) J. Mol. Biol. 397:385-96). The library complexity was limited to not exceed 10⁷ library members so that the diversity could be fully assessed during affinity maturation (the actual library complexity: 3.5⁷). Table 7 shows the library design diversification scheme for LCDR1 position 30, 31 and 32, LCDR2 positions 50 and LCDR3 position 91, 92, 93, 94 and 96 of the V_(L) PH9L4 (O12) in the library. Residue numbering is according to Kabat.

TABLE 7 Amino acid position on O12 (SEQ ID NO: 29) Diversified with amino acid Ser30 S, R, N, A, D Ser31 N, S, K, D, G Tyr32 Y, W, D, F, H, S, N, A, V Ala50 A, D, G, K, Y, F, T, N Ser91 Y, S, H, A Tyr92 Y, N, D, S, H, I, F, K, G, R, E Ser93 S, N, T, D, G, H, R Thr94 T, Y, L, V, F, S, R, G, P, I Leu96 W, Y, F, L, I, R, N

The residue positions to be diversified in the second light chain affinity-maturation library, PH9L4L3, were chosen based on analysis of structures between antibody-protein complexes and the diversity in each position was designed based on analyzing antibody protein structures as well as the amino acid usage in germline genes for each position (G. Raghunathan et al, Antigen-binding site anatomy and somatic mutations in antibodies that recognize different types of antigens. J. Mol Recognit. 25:103-113 (2012). For LCDR3, diversity was extended beyond natural repertoire to ensure that each position has amino acids of different biochemical properties (i.e., polar/nonpolar, positively/negatively charged). Additionally, the relative frequency of each amino acid per position were varied which was made possible using the Sloning library synthesis technology. Table 8 shows the library composition of PH9L4L3. Residue numbering is according to Kabat.

TABLE 8 Amino acid position on O12 (SEQ ID NO: 29) Diversified with amino acid Ser30 S, R, N, A, D Ser31 N, S, T Tyr32 Y, N, D, S, R Tyr49 Y, K, E, H Ala50 A, Y, W, S, G, N Ser91 S, H, W, Y, E, A, G, D, N, R Tyr92 Y, S, H, W, E, A, G, D, N, R Ser93 S, H, W, Y, E, A, G, D, N, R Thr94 T, S, H, W, Y, E, A, D, N, R, G Leu96 W, Y, F, L, I

Panning and Characterization

Affinity maturation libraries were generated by combining the light chain libraries PH9L4L2 or PH9L4L3 with the parental heavy chain IFWH591 (SEQ ID NO: 28). The libraries were then used for panning to select for high affinity antibodies. Some affinity-maturation panning experiments resulted in biased improvements in binding either only to IFN-ω or only to a few IFN-α subtypes but not both. In order to generate broadly neutralizing antibodies with improved IC₅₀ for most IFN-α subtypes and IFN-ω, a subset of IFN-α subtypes that were more diversified from each other (IFN-α2, IFN-α4a, IFN-αF and IFN-αG) were panned alternatively with cynomolgus monkey or human IFN-ω between each panning round. A total of three rounds of panning were carried out for each panning experiment.

Fab proteins of individual clones were expressed in TG-1 E. coli and bacterial cell lysates were used for Fab ELISAs to determine their affinities to human IFN-α4a, IFN-αF and IFN-ω compared to IFWM371. Since IFWM371 Fab bound these antigens weakly, Fab IFWF477 having higher affinity to the antigens was used as the surrogate Fab for comparison. 42 clones were identified that exhibited several folds higher binding activity than the surrogate Fab in ELISA. Some variants contained one amino acid insertion on LCDR1 which was not part of the original library design but was introduced during library synthesis. Overall, the affinity maturation of the VL resulted in a significant improvement in binding compared to the surrogate Fab. The best clones from the two libraries showed over 23-fold higher binding activity to human IFN-ω than the surrogate Fab IFWF477 respectively.

For further functional and biophysical characterization, total of 42 light chains derived from the libraries were paired with the parental heavy chain IFWH591 (SEQ ID NO: 28) as well as two V_(H) variants with improved binding activity, IFWH624 (IFWH591 R59A, SEQ ID NO: 30) and IFWH629 (IFWH591 N103A, SEQ ID NO: 31), identified from the alanine scanning experiment described in Example 7. A total of 126 converted mAbs (42 light chains paired with three heavy chains) were then expressed and characterized further. Table 9 shows the parental and select affinity-matured antibodies and their heavy and light chain variable regions.

TABLE 9 Antibody name Protein VL VH VH VL Protein amino acid Peptide Peptide SEQ ID SEQ ID cDNA name name name name NO: NO: IFWM371 IFWB351 PH9L4 IFWH591 28 29 IFWM3301 IFWB3036 IFWL983 IFWH591 28 32 IFWM3302 IFWB3037 IFWL991 IFWH591 28 33 IFWM3303 IFWB3038 IFWL992 IFWH591 28 34 IFWM3304 IFWB3039 IFWL997 IFWH591 28 35 IFWM3305 IFWB3040 IFWL998 IFWH591 28 36 IFWM3291 IFWB3026 IFWL999 IFWH591 28 37 IFWM3306 IFWB3041 IFWL1000 IFWH591 28 38 IFWM3307 IFWB3042 IFWL1001 IFWH591 28 39 IFWM3308 IFWB3043 IFWL1004 IFWH591 28 40 IFWM3309 IFWB3044 IFWL1006 IFWH591 28 41 IFWM3310 IFWB3045 IFWL1007 IFWH591 28 42 IFWM3311 IFWB3046 IFWL1009 IFWH591 28 43 IFWM3312 IFWB3047 IFWL1010 IFWH591 28 44 IFWM3313 IFWB3048 IFWL1013 IFWH591 28 45 IFWM3314 IFWB3049 IFWL1014 IFWH591 28 46 IFWM3315 IFWB3050 IFWL1017 IFWH591 28 47 IFWM3316 IFWB3051 IFWL1022 IFWH591 28 48 IFWM3317 IFWB3052 IFWL1026 IFWH591 28 49 IFWM3318 IFWB3053 IFWL1038 IFWH591 28 50 IFWM3319 IFWB3054 IFWL1041 IFWH591 28 51 IFWM3320 IFWB3055 IFWL1047 IFWH591 28 52 IFWM3321 IFWB3056 IFWL1048 IFWH591 28 53 IFWM3322 IFWB3057 IFWL1051 IFWH591 28 54 IFWM3323 IFWB3058 IFWL1053 IFWH591 28 55 IFWM3325 IFWB3060 IFWL1060 IFWH591 28 56 IFWM3327 IFWB3062 IFWL1063 IFWH591 28 57 IFWM3328 IFWB3063 IFWL1064 IFWH591 28 58 IFWM3329 IFWB3064 IFWL1067 IFWH591 28 59 IFWM3330 IFWB3065 IFWL1071 IFWH591 28 60 IFWM3331 IFWB3066 IFWL1073 IFWH591 28 61 IFWM3332 IFWB3067 IFWL1074 IFWH591 28 62 IFWM3333 IFWB3068 IFWL1076 IFWH591 28 63 IFWM3334 IFWB3069 IFWL1082 IFWH591 28 64 IFWM3335 IFWB3070 IFWL1084 IFWH591 28 65 IFWM3336 IFWB3071 IFWL1085 IFWH591 28 66 IFWM3337 IFWB3072 IFWL1087 IFWH591 28 67 IFWM3338 IFWB3073 IFWL1091 IFWH591 28 68 IFWM3339 IFWB3074 IFWL1093 IFWH591 28 69 IFWM3340 IFWB3075 IFWL983 IFWH624 30 32 IFWM3341 IFWB3076 IFWL991 IFWH624 30 33 IFWM3342 IFWB3077 IFWL992 IFWH624 30 34 IFWM3343 IFWB3078 IFWL997 IFWH624 30 35 IFWM3344 IFWB3079 IFWL998 IFWH624 30 36 IFWM3292 IFWB3027 IFWL999 IFWH624 30 37 IFWM3345 IFWB3080 IFWL1000 IFWH624 30 38 IFWM3346 IFWB3081 IFWL1001 IFWH624 30 39 IFWM3347 IFWB3082 IFWL1004 IFWH624 30 40 IFWM3348 IFWB3083 IFWL1006 IFWH624 30 41 IFWM3349 IFWB3084 IFWL1007 IFWH624 30 42 IFWM3350 IFWB3085 IFWL1009 IFWH624 30 43 IFWM3351 IFWB3086 IFWL1010 IFWH624 30 44 IFWM3352 IFWB3087 IFWL1013 IFWH624 30 45 IFWM3353 IFWB3088 IFWL1014 IFWH624 30 46 IFWM3354 IFWB3089 IFWL1017 IFWH624 30 47 IFWM3355 IFWB3090 IFWL1022 IFWH624 30 48 IFWM3356 IFWB3091 IFWL1026 IFWH624 30 49 IFWM3357 IFWB3092 IFWL1038 IFWH624 30 50 IFWM3358 IFWB3093 IFWL1041 IFWH624 30 51 IFWM3359 IFWB3094 IFWL1047 IFWH624 30 52 IFWM3360 IFWB3095 IFWL1048 IFWH624 30 53 IFWM3361 IFWB3096 IFWL1051 IFWH624 30 54 IFWM3364 IFWB3099 IFWL1060 IFWH624 30 56 IFWM3366 IFWB3101 IFWL1063 IFWH624 30 57 IFWM3367 IFWB3102 IFWL1064 IFWH624 30 58 IFWM3368 IFWB3103 IFWL1067 IFWH624 30 59 IFWM3369 IFWB3104 IFWL1071 IFWH624 30 60 IFWM3370 IFWB3105 IFWL1073 IFWH624 30 61 IFWM3371 IFWB3106 IFWL1074 IFWH624 30 62 IFWM3372 IFWB3107 IFWL1076 IFWH624 30 63 IFWM3374 IFWB3109 IFWL1084 IFWH624 30 65 IFWM3375 IFWB3110 IFWL1085 IFWH624 30 66 IFWM3376 IFWB3111 IFWL1087 IFWH624 30 67 IFWM3377 IFWB3112 IFWL1091 IFWH624 30 68 IFWM3378 IFWB3113 IFWL1093 IFWH624 30 69 IFWM3379 IFWB3114 IFWL983 IFWH629 31 32 IFWM3380 IFWB3115 IFWL991 IFWH629 31 33 IFWM3381 IFWB3116 IFWL992 IFWH629 31 34 IFWM3382 IFWB3117 IFWL997 IFWH629 31 35 IFWM3383 IFWB3118 IFWL998 IFWH629 31 36 IFWM3293 IFWB3028 IFWL999 IFWH629 31 37 IFWM3384 IFWB3119 IFWL1000 IFWH629 31 38 IFWM3385 IFWB3120 IFWL1001 IFWH629 31 39 IFWM3386 IFWB3121 IFWL1004 IFWH629 31 40 IFWM3387 IFWB3122 IFWL1006 IFWH629 31 41 IFWM3388 IFWB3123 IFWL1007 IFWH629 31 42 IFWM3389 IFWB3124 IFWL1009 IFWH629 31 43 IFWM3390 IFWB3125 IFWL1010 IFWH629 31 44 IFWM3391 IFWB3126 IFWL1013 IFWH629 31 45 IFWM3392 IFWB3127 IFWL1014 IFWH629 31 46 IFWM3393 IFWB3128 IFWL1017 IFWH629 31 47 IFWM3394 IFWB3129 IFWL1022 IFWH629 31 48 IFWM3395 IFWB3130 IFWL1026 IFWH629 31 49 IFWM3396 IFWB3131 IFWL1038 IFWH629 31 50 IFWM3397 IFWB3132 IFWL1041 IFWH629 31 51 IFWM3398 IFWB3133 IFWL1047 IFWH629 31 52 IFWM3399 IFWB3134 IFWL1048 IFWH629 31 53 IFWM3400 IFWB3135 IFWL1051 IFWH629 31 54 IFWM3401 IFWB3136 IFWL1053 IFWH629 31 55 IFWM3403 IFWB3138 IFWL1060 IFWH629 31 56 IFWM3405 IFWB3140 IFWL1063 IFWH629 31 57 IFWM3406 IFWB3141 IFWL1064 IFWH629 31 58 IFWM3407 IFWB3142 IFWL1067 IFWH629 31 59 IFWM3408 IFWB3143 IFWL1071 IFWH629 31 60 IFWM3409 IFWB3144 IFWL1073 IFWH629 31 61 IFWM3410 IFWB3145 IFWL1074 IFWH629 31 62 IFWM3411 IFWB3146 IFWL1076 IFWH629 31 63 IFWM3413 IFWB3148 IFWL1084 IFWH629 31 65 IFWM3414 IFWB3149 IFWL1085 IFWH629 31 66 IFWM3415 IFWB3150 IFWL1087 IFWH629 31 67 IFWM3416 IFWB3151 IFWL1091 IFWH629 31 68 IFWM3417 IFWB3152 IFWL1093 IFWH629 31 69 IFWM3418 IFWB3153 IFWL1049 IFWH591 28 70 IFWM3419 IFWB3154 IFWL1049 IFWH629 31 70 IFWM3420 IFWB3155 IFWL1049 IFWH624 30 70 IFWM3421 IFWB3156 IFWL984 IFWH591 28 71 IFWM3423 IFWB3158 IFWL984 IFWH629 31 71

Affinities of the 126 generated mAbs to a panel of human IFN-ω and human IFN-α subtypes were measured by ProteOn. The mAbs were transiently transfected in triplicate along with controls in HEK 293E cells in 48-well plates and cell supernatants were used in this experiment. To increase the assay throughput, only one concentration of the individual antigen was used. Table 10 shows the K_(D) values for the parental IFWM371 and select affinity-matured antibodies. Most of the mAbs showed significant improvement of binding affinity to all antigens tested. Some of them showed more than 100-fold improvement over the parental mAb.

TABLE 10 Protein K_(D) (pM) cDNA name IFN-ω IFN-αC IFN-αF IFN-αJ1 IFN-α4a IFN-αB2 IFN-αG IFN-αWA IFN-α2 IFWM371 1060 865 775 4230 4180 418 263 1390 116 IFWM3301 18 24 29 74 146 39 29 79 42 IFWM3302 52 83 72 231 268 54 98 168 250 IFWM3303 13 79 134 157 299 32 82 168 63 IFWM3304 32 26 32 53 120 40 37 92 23 IFWM3305 31 114 113 154 223 17 127 201 245 IFWM3291 28 45 51 122 317 60 67 125 82 IFWM3306 20 27 25 86 147 30 29 70 38 IFWM3307 46 62 55 305 426 55 58 162 132 IFWM3308 38 52 53 203 246 49 45 99 109 IFWM3309 55 109 140 275 383 41 120 139 96 IFWM3310 65 57 40 101 177 63 54 91 384 IFWM3311 12 36 21 56 223 16 56 72 134 IFWM3312 13 22 20 68 144 22 13 38 35 IFWM3313 56 74 84 221 354 74 118 155 295 IFWM3314 20 26 21 39 92 16 28 42 57 IFWM3315 63 59 50 134 240 92 61 115 192 IFWM3316 42 42 33 70 168 57 87 73 123 IFWM3317 16 133 121 206 370 11 126 162 223 IFWM3318 18 30 34 119 252 48 40 91 64 IFWM3319 34 52 44 151 274 76 49 107 152 IFWM3320 21 20 13 61 89 26 33 41 24 IFWM3321 33 33 24 79 159 45 36 58 90 IFWM3322 40 42 33 127 272 56 58 86 37 IFWM3323 73 77 48 144 337 77 94 121 104 IFWM3325 11 22 32 92 111 6 33 91 55 IFWM3327 39 34 35 113 164 60 35 106 60 IFWM3328 108 99 91 360 410 132 72 207 482 IFWM3329 59 50 51 166 258 95 61 173 532 IFWM3330 45 112 366 631 375 58 82 175 38 IFWM3331 15 12 13 72 85 21 15 26 33 IFWM3332 34 31 54 135 139 55 50 76 68 IFWM3333 53 65 89 607 477 137 77 258 457 IFWM3334 345 620 5210 2400 744 436 941 517 86 IFWM3335 42 49 61 245 336 111 77 137 151 IFWM3336 19 47 61 110 235 46 51 105 35 IFWM3337 20 17 16 71 91 22 34 37 43 IFWM3338 57 46 64 245 319 108 46 200 134 IFWM3339 49 59 65 161 235 94 79 141 115 IFWM3340 4 48 41 124 201 8 24 56 44 IFWM3341 8 104 88 275 445 7 63 134 151 IFWM3342 68 142 164 269 589 43 14 95 47 IFWM3343 20 65 63 157 237 60 60 83 106 IFWM3344 78 161 140 274 442 80 112 105 305 IFWM3292 18 123 98 295 613 21 49 72 254 IFWM3345 4 72 120 169 324 9 92 111 158 IFWM3346 52 105 117 505 480 44 86 170 183 IFWM3347 48 96 136 411 350 41 84 125 347 IFWM3348 50 83 64 164 89 58 20 49 42 IFWM3349 7 56 52 123 174 8 65 102 291 IFWM3350 20 57 54 55 161 33 98 66 366 IFWM3351 4 48 53 140 113 10 15 33 30 IFWM3352 60 121 152 287 267 48 90 87 193 IFWM3353 6 54 55 95 110 6 16 31 90 IFWM3354 17 43 32 98 123 23 43 52 360 IFWM3355 26 55 52 79 122 39 60 41 212 IFWM3356 274 IFWM3357 4 23 39 130 170 8 14 37 8 IFWM3358 18 54 47 223 319 62 48 123 103 IFWM3359 21 41 53 136 147 34 40 51 152 IFWM3360 25 56 49 174 233 35 43 61 236 IFWM3361 30 101 135 388 622 48 66 98 151 IFWM3364 13 93 109 254 269 39 80 118 151 IFWM3366 21 30 27 109 122 40 30 66 433 IFWM3367 57 116 100 453 465 86 67 152 42735 IFWM3368 28 62 59 181 203 62 48 103 47393 IFWM3369 81 88 190 622 344 123 121 220 58 IFWM3370 10 39 39 225 155 24 21 41 42 IFWM3371 18 43 50 125 100 23 50 64 81 IFWM3372 49 94 116 690 432 154 103 272 717 IFWM3374 55 106 121 568 540 139 96 208 349 IFWM3375 19 22 23 45 67 33 35 31 27 IFWM3376 20 34 39 140 113 37 48 62 81 IFWM3377 27 44 51 192 193 58 38 120 132 IFWM3378 75 172 168 496 533 141 150 248 279 IFWM3379 15 13 13 33 72 22 13 23 27 IFWM3380 25 46 32 76 88 14 70 59 157 IFWM3381 45 79 92 121 171 58 53 67 37 IFWM3382 30 24 20 37 75 27 30 32 18 IFWM3383 28 69 60 86 143 33 84 64 194 IFWM3293 29 25 17 62 166 12 37 46 120 IFWM3384 26 29 33 68 77 13 22 17 25 IFWM3385 32 41 41 142 178 19 23 52 42 IFWM3386 26 31 29 87 103 16 26 35 43 IFWM3387 39 90 58 161 169 36 34 69 19 IFWM3388 33 30 19 55 84 26 27 44 105 IFWM3389 17 24 9 32 98 10 33 30 69 IFWM3390 10 11 11 30 75 14 10 29 26 IFWM3391 23 16 25 66 117 29 44 42 63 IFWM3392 23 16 14 21 58 34 19 25 44 IFWM3393 57 49 41 96 166 70 64 78 284 IFWM3394 45 63 63 77 105 123 91 49 304 IFWM3395 19 116 102 181 279 3 63 63 83 IFWM3396 11 5 7 37 79 48 61 68 52 IFWM3397 25 27 28 78 119 42 43 62 103 IFWM3398 26 17 17 44 61 32 22 30 34 IFWM3399 30 25 21 50 88 36 30 37 59 IFWM3400 33 23 22 60 135 32 52 49 68 IFWM3401 62 42 28 78 195 42 67 76 604 IFWM3403 7 25 27 59 62 8 27 23 11 IFWM3405 20 22 19 36 67 17 15 39 38 IFWM3406 78 37 37 119 135 39 37 63 34 IFWM3407 17 32 33 58 128 13 27 60 65 IFWM3408 86 730 5690 1870 703 54 895 176 17 IFWM3409 14 11 9 41 58 18 5 25 28 IFWM3410 29 37 52 82 86 59 52 52 33 IFWM3411 28 23 37 151 101 53 35 87 53 IFWM3413 47 37 33 150 206 58 44 85 121 IFWM3414 58 68 101 174 193 13 33 70 26 IFWM3415 18 19 26 51 69 15 26 44 39 IFWM3416 28 29 45 68 103 37 29 69 55 IFWM3417 29 31 39 70 100 36 30 59 41 IFWM3418 89 191 229 656 1160 206 178 493 208 IFWM3419 86 126 158 399 582 90 81 193 87 IFWM3420 36 113 118 299 475 61 37 124 35

Select antibodies from the panel of 126 were characterized in an ISRE assay for their ability to inhibit a spectrum of IFN-α subtypes and IFN-ω, and their solubility and biophysical characteristics were assessed. IC₅₀ values from the ISRE assay are shown in Table 11 and Table 12 for select antibodies. The IC₅₀ values were at double-digit pM or lower for several antibodies to 11 recombinant IFN-α subtypes and to IFN-ω. This represents more than a hundred-fold improvement over the parental mAb, IFWM371, whose IC₅₀ against its antigens ranging from single digit to double digit nM. As the parental antibody, the affinity-matured antibodies did not neutralize IFN-αD or IFN-β. The most potent affinity-matured antibody mAb IFWM3423 had almost a single-digit picomolar IC₅₀ to all interferon subtypes it bound.

TABLE 11 IC₅₀ (pM) mAbs αA αB2 αC αD αF αG αH2 IFWM371 8400 19300 53900 NN 16000 12900 9600 IFWM3304 29 39 117 NN 62 47 42 IFWM3307 73 247 583 NN 170 95 88 IFWM3308 94 230 996 NT 155 167 32 IFWM3310 50 43 196 NN 111 73 45 IFWM3314 29 33 157 NN 58 57 40 IFWM3320 45 18 392 NT 54 82 23 IFWM3321 29 87 266 NN 54 34 28 IFWM3322 31 121 306 NN 117 83 46 IFWM3328 216 520 1416 NN 631 486 440 IFWM3331 18 80 98 NN 48 27 33 IFWM3332 104 327 479 NN 228 99 92 IFWM3385 63 158 272 NN 66 77 29 IFWM3399 43 62 189 NN 29 29 13 IFWM3400 35 86 138 NN 43 35 15 IFWM3405 40 99 68 NN 35 26 16 IFWM3410 NT 211 168 NN 77 55 33 IFWM3416 81 250 112 NN 64 49 35 IFWM3421 13 16 20 NN 11 18 8 IFWM3423 12 11 12 NN 8 9 4 NN: not neutralizing; NT: not tested

TABLE 12 IC₅₀ (pM) mAbs αI αJ1 αK αWA α4a IFN-β IFN-ω IFWM371 35700 7300 74200 32800 NN 43900 IFWM3304 157 126 57 237 112 NN 31 IFWM3307 752 328 95 600 501 NN 100 IFWM3308 478 363 59 894 295 NN 40 IFWM3310 258 166 96 473 169 NN 81 IFWM3314 163 86 65 188 137 NN 32 IFWM3320 355 213 34 633 166 NN 53 IFWM3321 301 114 46 267 295 NN 38 IFWM3322 460 169 71 382 352 NN 59 IFWM3328 2002 1657 321 3078 1169 NN 456 IFWM3331 198 94 28 109 117 NN 50 IFWM3332 893 487 76 947 519 NN 228 IFWM3385 225 251 65 839 414 NN 68 IFWM3399 18 106 32 189 111 NN 27 IFWM3400 137 154 35 376 220 NN 29 IFWM3405 72 26 22 216 86 NN 19 IFWM3410 183 217 41 538 192 NN 89 IFWM3416 158 61 43 779 201 NN 40 IFWM3421 17 14 18 14 15 NN 8 IFWM3423 4 6 9 10 8 NN 6 NN = not neutralizing

EXAMPLE 9 Engineering of Antibodies to Minimize Post-Translational Modification Risk

Based on neutralizing activity, solubility and biophysical properties, four mAbs derived from affinity maturation of IFWM371, IFWM3331 (IFWB3066), IFWM3399 (IFWB3134), IFWM3421 (IFWB3156) and IFWM3423 (IFWB3158) were analyzed further. The heavy chains of these mAbs consist of either IFWH591 (SEQ ID NO: 28) or IFWH629 (SEQ ID NO: 31) and the light chains of them consist of either IFWL984 (SEQ ID NO: 71) or IFWL1048 (SEQ ID NO: 53) or IFWL1073 (SEQ ID NO: 61).

Both VH chains contain several potential post-translational modification (PTM) motifs in their CDRs, including an acid-catalyzed hydrolysis sequence motif (D52-P53), an isomerization motif (D55-S56) on HCDR2 and potential oxidation sites on HCDR1 (W33) and CDR-H3 (W104).

The VL of IFWL984 (SEQ ID NO: 71) and IFWL1048 (SEQ ID NO: 53) contain one isomerization motif (D30-G31) on LCDR1 while the VL of IFW1073 (SEQ ID NO: 61) contains potential oxidation sites on LCDR3 (W92 and W94) and a potential deamidation site on LCDR1 (N31-S32).

To reduce PTM risks on heavy chain CDRs, D52 in HCDR2 was back-mutated to the germline residue tyrosine (D52Y). P53 was mutated to Alanine W104 in HCDR3 (VH_W104) was replaced with alanine, tyrosine, serine or aspartic acid. The mutated heavy chains were co-expressed with three different light chains and tested in the ISRE assay. From these experiments, antibodies with heavy chain IFWH615 (SEQ ID NO: 157) and IFWH617 (SEQ ID NO: 158) were characterized further.

To reduce PTM risks on VL IFWL984 (SEQ ID NO: 71) and IFWL1048 (SEQ ID NO: 53), a series of mutations to remove the potential PTM motifs were designed with the guidance of the structural information obtained from the IFWM371/IFN-ω complex structure described in Example 6. In addition, to improve the solubility of IFWM3421 (IFWB3156) and IFWM3423 (IFWB3158) having the common light chain IFWL984, a series of mutations on several hydrophobic residues in their CDRs were made to decrease the overall surface hydrophobicity of the antibody light chains. The IFWL984 variants were expressed in HEK293E cells with the parental heavy chain IFWH591 and the expressed antibody in cell supernatants were screened in the ISRE reporter gene assay for inhibition of IFN-ω and leukocyte IFN using methods described in example 11. The resulting antibodies IFWB3196 (D30E F32Y), IFWB3201 (D30S, G31S), and IFWB3202 (D30S, G31S, F32Y) retained good neutralizing activity. Table 13 shows the VL sequences of the generated antibodies having the parental IFWH591 heavy chain variable region (SEQ ID NO: 28) and a variant IFWL984 light chain. The parental IFWM3421 has the IFWH591 VH and the parental IFWM3423 has the IFWH629 VH. Table 14 shows the IC₅₀ values for neutralization of IFN-ω and leukocyte IFN of select generated antibodies.

TABLE 13 Antibody Antibody VL Peptide VL SEQ DNA ID AA ID ID VL substitution ID NO: IFWM3421 IFWB3156 IFWL984 Parent control 71 IFWM3423 IFWB3158 IFWL984 Parent control 71 IFWM3454 IFWB3189 IFWL1112 IFWL984 D30S 123 IFWM3514 IFWB3248 IFWL1113 IFWL984 D30E 124 IFWM3455 IFWB3190 IFWL1114 IFWL984 F32Y 125 IFWM3456 IFWB3191 IFWL1115 IFWL984 F50A 126 IFWM3458 IFWB3193 IFWL1117 IFWL984 F50I 127 IFWM3459 IFWB3194 IFWL1118 IFWL984 F50L 128 IFWM3460 IFWB3195 IFWL1119 IFWL984 F50V 129 IFWM3461 IFWB3196^(i) IFWL1120 IFWL984 D30E, F32Y 130 IFWM3462 IFWB3197 IFWL1121 IFWL984 D30E, F50A 131 IFWM3463 IFWB3198 IFWL1122 IFWL984 D30E, F50I 132 IFWM3464 IFWB3199 IFWL1123 IFWL984 D30E, F50L 133 IFWM3465 IFWB3200 IFWL1124 IFWL984 D30E, F50V 134 IFWM3466 IFWB3201 IFWL1125 IFWL984 D30S, G31S 135 IFWM3467 IFWB3202 IFWL1126 IFWL984 136 D30S, G31S, F32Y IFWM3470 IFWB3205 IFWL1129 IFWL984 137 D30G, G31D, F50Y IFWL1173 IFWL984 D30E, F32Y, F50Y 138 IFWM3526 IFWB3251 IFWL1174 IFWL984 D30E, F50Y 139 IFWL1175 IFWL984 D30S, G31S, F50Y 140

TABLE 14 IC₅₀ (pM) Antibody Antibody Leukocyte DNA ID AA ID human IFN-ω IFN IFWM3421 IFWB3156 7.4 0.7 IFWM3423 IFWB3158 10.7 1.1 IFWM3454 IFWB3189 11.2 1.3 IFWM3514 IFWB3248 10.4 1.4 IFWM3455 IFWB3190 24 not fitted IFWM3456 IFWB3191 100.3 22.6 IFWM3458 IFWB3193 37 2.1 IFWM3459 IFWB3194 1518.9 4.4 IFWM3460 IFWB3195 43.5 not fitted IFWM3461 IFWB3196^(i) 21 1 IFWM3462 IFWB3197 41.6 12.6 IFWM3463 IFWB3198 41.4 6.6 IFWM3464 IFWB3199 46.8 5.6 IFWM3465 IFWB3200 33.7 1.7 IFWM3466 IFWB3201 10.3 0.9 IFWM3467 IFWB3202 51.8 0.8 IFWM3470 IFWB3205 52.3 7.4

Similarly, 26 IFWL1048 variants were constructed to reduce the PTM risks. The generated light chains were co-expressed with a heavy chain IFWH591 in HEK293E cells and the supernatant containing the antibody screened with ISRE assay. Table 15 shows the VH and VL sequences of the generated antibodies, and Table 16 shows the IC₅₀ values of the antibodies for IFN-ω and leukocyte IFN. The resulting antibodies with variant IFWL1048 chains where the DG motif (D30-G31) in LCDR1 was eliminated, including IFWB3210 (D305), IFWB3211 (D30E) and IFWB3223 (D30S, G315), showed similar neutralization activity as the parent mAbs, IFWB3056 (VL: IFWL1048, VH: IFWH591) and IFWB3134 (VL: IFWL1048; VH: IFWH629). However, resulting antibodies with variant IFWL1048 chains with the DG motif eliminated and substitutions made to reduce hydrophobicity, including IFWB3219 (D30E, A32Y), IFWB3227 (D30S, G315, F94L) and IFWB3230 (D30S, G31S, A32Y, F94L) demonstrated a lower activity than the parental mAbs.

TABLE 15 Antibody Antibody VL Peptide VL SEQ DNA ID AA ID ID Mutation ID NO: IFWM3321 IFWB3056 IFWL1048 Parent control 53 IFWM3399 IFWB3134 IFWL1048 Parent control 53 IFWM3475 IFWB3210 IFWL1135 IFWL1048 D30S 141 IFWM3476 IFWB3211 IFWL1136 IFWL1048 D30E 73 IFWM3477 IFWB3212 IFWL1137 IFWL1048 A32Y 142 IFWM3483 IFWB3218 IFWL1143 IFWL1048 F94L 143 IFWM3484 IFWB3219 IFWL1144 IFWL1048 D30E, A32Y 74 IFWM3488 IFWB3223 IFWL1148 IFWL1048 D30S, G31S 75 IFWM3489 IFWB3224 IFWL1149 IFWL1048 D30S, G31S, A32Y 144 IFWM3492 IFWB3227 IFWL1152 IFWL1048 D30S, G31S, F94L 145 IFWM3495 IFWB3230 IFWL1155 IFWL1048 D30S, G31S, A32Y, F94L 146 IFWL1161 IFWL1048 147 D30G, G31D, A32F, F50A, F94L

TABLE 16 IC₅₀ (pM) Antibody Antibody human Leukocyte DNA ID AA ID IFN-ω IFN IFWM3321 IFWB3056 25.8 1.2 IFWM3399 IFWB3134 28.7 1.3 IFWM3475 IFWB3210 27.3 1.5 IFWM3476 IFWB3211 17.2 3.3 IFWM3477 IFWB3212 31 4.1 IFWM3483 IFWB3218 51.4 4.8 IFWM3484 IFWB3219 38.7 2.3 IFWM3488 IFWB3223 29.4 1 IFWM3489 IFWB3224 80.3 3.4 IFWM3492 IFWB3227 56.1 0.5 IFWM3495 IFWB3230 57.5 3.9

Potential PTM motifs on the VL IFWL1073 of IFWB3066 included potential oxidation sites on LCDR3 (W92 and W94). The LCDR3 of IFWL1073 (QQGWDWPLT; SEQ ID NO: 98) was replaced with a consensus LCDR3 sequence identified present in the LCDR3 of many affinity-matured antibodies (QQSYDFPLT; SEQ ID NO: 154). In addition, several mutants were designed to address a potential deamidation site (N31-S32) on LCDR1. 14 generated variants of IFWL1073 were paired with IFWH591 and expressed in 48-well HEK293E transient transfection. The cell supernatants were tested directly in ISRE assay for their neutralization activities against recombinant human IFN-ω and viral-induced leukocytes expressed IFNs. The mAbs with mutations W93Y and/or W95F showed some improvements in neutralization activity. Mutants to remove the NS motif by substitution or by shortening CDR-L1 showed reduction or loss of neutralization activity. Table 17 shows the VH and the VL sequences of the generated antibodies and Table 18 shows the IC₅₀ values for IFN-ω and leukocyte IFN.

TABLE 17 Antibody Antibody AA VL Peptide VL SEQ DNA ID ID ID VL Mutation ID NO: IFWM3331 IFWB3066 IFWL1073 Parent control 61 IFWM3501 IFWB3236 IFWL1162 IFWL1073 W93Y 148 IFWM3502 IFWB3237 IFWL1163 IFWL1073 W95F 149 IFWM3503 IFWB3238 IFWL1164 IFWL1073 W93Y, W95F 150 IFWM3527 IFWB3252 IFWL1176 IFWL1073 N31Q, W93Y, 151 W95F IFWM3528 IFWB3253 IFWL1177 IFWL1073 152 N31T, W93Y, W95F IFWM3529 IFWB3254 IFWL1178 IFWL1073 153 S32T, W93Y, W95F

TABLE 18 IC 50 (pM) Antibody Antibody human Leukocyte DNA ID AA ID IFN-ω IFN IFWM3331 IFWB3066 40.7 1.5 IFWM3501 IFWB3236 15.1 2.6 IFWM3502 IFWB3237 28 2.5 IFWM3503 IFWB3238 12 2.1

Select VL variants derived from the engineering efforts to minimize the PTM risk were paired with either IFWH591 or IFWH629 and scaled up for expression and purification. Table 19 shows the VL/VH pairing of the antibodies. Table 20 shows the IC₅₀ values of the select resulting antibodies for various recombinant IFN-α subtypes and IFN-ω.

TABLE 19 VL HC VL SEQ VH SEQ Antibody Peptide ID ID NO: Description Peptide ID ID NO: IFWL1073 IFWL1073 61 parent IFWH591 28 mutants IFWL1164 150 IFWL1073 IFWH591 28 W93Y, W95F IFWL1176 151 IFWL1073 IFWH591 28 N31Q, W93Y, W95F IFWL1177 152 IFWL1073 IFWH591 28 N31T, W93Y, W95F IFWL984 IFWL984 71 parent IFWH591 28 mutants IFWL984 71 parent IFWH629 31 IFWL984 71 parent IFWH629 31 IFWL1125 135 IFWL984 IFWH591 28 D30S, G31S IFWL1126 136 IFWL984 IFWH591 28 D30S, G31S, F32Y IFWL1174 139 IFWL984 IFWH591 28 D30E, F50Y IFWL1048 53 parent IFWH591 28 IFWL1048 53 IFWH629 31 IFWL1136 73 IFWL1048 D30E IFWH591 28 IFWL1148 75 IFWL1048 IFWH591 28 D30S, G31S

TABLE 20 Protein Protein AA (IC₅₀ (pM) DNA ID ID αA αB2 αC αF αG α4a ω IFWM3331* IFWB3066 26 77 48 157 33 52 31 65 88 30 23 30 IFWM3421* IFWB3156 16 19 29 16 18 22 8 17 19 28 15 14 19 9 IFWM3423* IFWB3158 20 17 24 21 20 23 16 12 13 17 11 10 9 7 IFWM3466 IFWB3201 17 21 31 18 16 23 12 IFWM3503 IFWB3238 15 19 20 20 15 32 13 IFWM3399 IFWB3134 24 38 64 29 24 117 25 IFWM3476 IFWB3211 35 54 115 50 39 130 23 IFWM3488 IFWB3223 19 31 72 25 21 84 22 *results from two independent experiments

EXAMPLE 10 Broad Neutralizing Ability of Anti-IFN-α/ω Antibodies

Several of the generated antibodies neutralized IFN-ω and multiple IFN-α subtypes with an IC₅₀ of 100 pM or less, measured using the ISRE assay described above. The variable region sequences of these antibodies are shown in Table 21. Table 22 shows the LCDR1 sequences, Table 23 the LCDR2, Table 24 the LCDR3, Table 25 the HCDR1, Table 26 the HCDR2 and Table 27 the HCDR3 of the antibodies. FIG. 10 shows the IC₅₀ values for each Type I IFN in the ISRE assay.

TABLE 21 VH VL SEQ SEQ mAbs cDNA mAb protein VH ID NO: VL ID NO: IFWM3308 IFWB3043 IFWH591 28 IFWL1004 40 IFWM3307 IFWB3042 IFWH591 28 IFWL1001 39 IFWM3410 IFWB3145 IFWH629 31 IFWL1074 62 IFWM3322 IFWB3057 IFWH591 28 IFWL1051 54 IFWM3385 IFWB3120 IFWH629 31 IFWL1001 39 IFWM3416 IFWB3151 IFWH629 31 IFWL1091 68 IFWM3310 IFWB3045 IFWH591 28 IFWL1007 42 IFWM3400 IFWB3135 IFWH629 31 IFWL1051 54 IFWM3321 IFWB3056 IFWH591 28 IFWL1048 53 IFWM3522 IFWB3211 IFWH591 28 IFWL1136 73 IFWM3524 IFWB3223 IFWH591 28 IFWL1148 75 IFWM3320 IFWB3055 IFWH591 28 IFWL1047 52 IFWM3304 IFWB3039 IFWH591 28 IFWL997 35 IFWM3520 IFWB3201 IFWH591 28 IFWL1125 135 IFWM3399 IFWB3134 IFWH629 31 IFWL1048 53 IFWM3314 IFWB3049 IFWH591 28 IFWL1014 46 IFWM3331 IFWB3066 IFWH591 28 IFWL1073 61 IFWM3405 IFWB3140 IFWH629 31 IFWL1063 57 IFWM3442 IFWB3177 IFWH615 157 IFWL984 71 IFWM3525 IFWB3238 IFWH591 28 IFWL1164 150 IFWM3423 IFWB3158 IFWH629 31 IFWL984 71 IFWM3444 IFWB3179 IFWH617 158 IFWL984 71 IFWM3421 IFWB3156 IFWH591 28 IFWL984 71

TABLE 22 LCDR1 mAbs Sequence SEQ ID NO: IFWM3308 Q S I A E F 77 IFWM3307 Q S I G D F 85 IFWM3410 Q S I A N T N 79 IFWM3322 Q S I A D F 76 IFWM3385 Q S I G D F 85 IFWM3416 Q S I R N T N 89 IFWM3310 Q S I G K S 86 IFWM3400 Q S I A D F 76 IFWM3321 Q S I D G A 80 IFWM3522 Q S I E G A 84 IFWM3524 Q S I S S A 90 IFWM3320 Q S I N G V 88 IFWM3304 Q S I G S A 87 IFWM3520 Q S I S S F 91 IFWM3399 Q S I D G A 80 IFWM3314 Q S I D R A 83 IFWM3331 Q S I D N S Y 82 IFWM3405 Q S I A N N N 78 IFWM3442 Q S I D G F 81 IFWM3525 Q S I D N S Y 82 IFWM3423 Q S I D G F 81 IFWM3444 Q S I D G F 81 IFWM3421 Q S I D G F 81

TABLE 23 LCDR2 mAbs Sequence SEQ ID NO: IFWM3308 F A S 93 IFWM3307 F A S 93 IFWM3410 W A S 95 IFWM3322 F A S 93 IFWM3385 F A S 93 IFWM3416 W A S 95 IFWM3310 F A S 93 IFWM3400 F A S 93 IFWM3321 F A S 93 IFWM3522 F A S 93 IFWM3524 F A S 93 IFWM3320 F A S 93 IFWM3304 F A S 93 IFWM3520 F A S 93 IFWM3399 F A S 93 IFWM3314 F A S 93 IFWM3331 G A S 94 IFWM3405 W A S 95 IFWM3442 F A S 93 IFWM3525 G A S 94 IFWM3423 F A S 93 IFWM3444 F A S 93 IFWM3421 F A S 93

TABLE 24 LCDR3 mAbs Sequence SEQ ID NO: IFWM3308 Q Q S I D F P L T 104 IFWM3307 Q Q A L D F P L T 96 IFWM3410 Q Q W Y D N P L T 107 IFWM3322 Q Q S H S F P L T 103 IFWM3385 Q Q A L D F P L T 96 IFWM3416 Q Q G Y D T P F T 100 IFWM3310 Q Q S Y D F P L T 105 IFWM3400 Q Q S H S F P L T 103 IFWM3321 Q Q A Y D F P L T 97 IFWM3522 Q Q A Y D F P L T 97 IFWM3524 Q Q A Y D F P L T 97 IFWM3320 Q Q S H D F P L T 102 IFWM3304 Q Q S Y D F P L T 105 IFWM3520 Q Q S Y D L P I T 106 IFWM3399 Q Q A Y D F P L T 97 IFWM3314 Q Q S F D F P L T 101 IFWM3331 Q Q G W D W P L T 98 IFWM3405 Q Q G Y D T P F T 100 IFWM3442 Q Q S Y D L P I T 106 IFWM3525 Q Q G Y D F P L T 99 IFWM3423 Q Q S Y D L P I T 106 IFWM3444 Q Q S Y D L P I T 106 IFWM3421 Q Q S Y D L P I T 106

TABLE 25 HCDR1 mAbs Sequence SEQ ID NO: IFWM3308 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3307 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3410 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3322 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3385 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3416 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3310 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3400 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3321 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3522 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3524 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3320 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3304 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3520 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3399 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3314 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3331 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3405 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3442 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3525 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3423 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3444 G Y S F T S Y W 109 IFWM3421 G Y S F T S Y W 109

TABLE 26 HCDR2 mAbs Sequence SEQ ID NO: IFWM3308 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3307 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3410 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3322 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3385 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3416 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3310 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3400 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3321 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3522 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3524 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3320 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3304 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3520 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3399 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3314 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3331 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3405 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3442 I A P S D S D T 111 IFWM3525 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3423 I D P S D S D T 113 IFWM3444 I D A S D S D T 112 IFWM3421 I D P S D S D T 113

TABLE 27 HCDR3 SEQ ID mAbs Sequence NO: IFWM3308 A R H P G L N W A P D F D Y 116 IFWM3307 A R H P G L N W A P D F D Y 116 IFWM3410 A R H P G L A W A P D F D Y 115 IFWM3322 A R H P G L N W A P D F D Y 116 IFWM3385 A R H P G L A W A P D F D Y 115 IFWM3416 A R H P G L A W A P D F D Y 115 IFWM3310 A R H P G L N W A P D F D Y 116 IFWM3400 A R H P G L A W A P D F D Y 115 IFWM3321 A R H P G L N W A P D F D Y 116 IFWM3522 A R H P G L N W A P D F D Y 116 IFWM3524 A R H P G L N W A P D F D Y 116 IFWM3320 A R H P G L N W A P D F D Y 116 IFWM3304 A R H P G L N W A P D F D Y 116 IFWM3520 A R H P G L N W A P D F D Y 116 IFWM3399 A R H P G L A W A P D F D Y 115 IFWM3314 A R H P G L N W A P D F D Y 116 IFWM3331 A R H P G L N W A P D F D Y 116 IFWM3405 A R H P G L A W A P D F D Y 115 IFWM3442 A R H P G L N W A P D F D Y 116 IFWM3525 A R H P G L N W A P D F D Y 116 IFWM3423 A R H P G L A W A P D F D Y 115 IFWM3444 A R H P G L N W A P D F D Y 116 IFWM3421 A R H P G L N W A P D F D Y 116

EXAMPLE 11 Anti-IFN-α/ω Antibodies Neutralize Leukocyte IFN

The ability of the antibodies to neutralize leukocyte IFN was assessed by the ability of the antibodies to inhibit IFN-induced IP-10 release from whole blood.

Select antibodies from the affinity-maturation campaign or after minimizing the PTM risk were characterized further for their ability to inhibit endogenous Type I IFN. All characterized antibodies were of IgG1/κ type. Antibodies IFWM3522, IFWM3525, IFWM3399 and IFWM3423 were used in the assays.

IP-10 Release Assay:

240 μl of whole blood (Biological Specialty Corporation) was added to individual wells in 96 well U-bottom plates containing 30 μl of antibody (anti IFN-α/ω or isotype control), with or without IFN or IFN-containing conditioned media diluted in cell culture media (RPMI1640 with 10% HI FBS and 1% penn strep). For stimulation, human leukocyte IFN (Sigma-Aldrich) was utilized at 250 U/ml (final volume) and SLE immune complex-treated conditioned media at 10 μl per well. IFN and antibody mixtures were preincubated at room temperature for 20-30 min prior to adding whole blood. Plates were incubated overnight for 20-22 hours at 37° C. The following day, plates were centrifuged at 400×g for 5 minutes at room temperature and plasma removed and frozen at −20° C. Duplicate samples from each treatment were analyzed using a CXCL10/IP-10 ELISA kit from Qiagen. Upon thawing, the collected plasma was diluted 2.5 fold using sample dilution buffer and used in the assay. Manufacturer's protocol was followed with slight modification in the dilution of standards as follows. Two fold serial dilutions of the antigen standard were made starting at a concentration of 4000 pg/ml and ending at 31.25 pg/ml. Plates were read at an absorbance at 450 nm within 30 minutes of stopping the reaction. Analysis was performed using Softmax Pro.

Results

Select antibodies were characterized for their ability to neutralize endogenous IFN-I preparations in relevant cell types. IFN-I stimulation of whole blood induces IP-10 (CXCL10) release in vitro and in vivo (Arico, E. et al. Concomitant detection of IFNalpha signature and activated monocyte/dendritic cell precursors in the peripheral blood of IFNalpha-treated subjects at early times after repeated local cytokine treatments. J Transl Med 9, 67, doi:10.1186/1479-5876-9-67 (2011).; Mohty, A. M. et al. Induction of IP-10/CXCL10 secretion as an immunomodulatory effect of low-dose adjuvant interferon-alpha during treatment of melanoma. Immunobiology 215, 113-123, doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2009.03.008 (2010)). IP-10 is elevated in SLE, and has been shown in several studies to correlate with disease activity and clinical manifestations of disease (Bauer, J. W. et al. Interferon-regulated chemokines as biomarkers of systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity: a validation study. Arthritis and rheumatism 60, 3098-3107, doi:10.1002/art.24803 (2009).; Kong, K. O. et al. Enhanced expression of interferon-inducible protein-10 correlates with disease activity and clinical manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical and experimental immunology 156, 134-140, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03880.x (2009).; Rose, T. et al. IFNalpha and its response proteins, IP-10 and SIGLEC-1, are biomarkers of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 72, 1639-1645, doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201586 (2013).

The ability of anti IFN-α/ω mAbs to inhibit IP-10 release in whole blood induced by leukocyte IFN was examined in vitro. IFN-I is rapidly produced in response to infectious agents, such as viruses, to help control infection. Human leukocyte IFN is a natural mixture of IFNs produced by leukocytes after viral infection and is largely composed of IFN-α subtypes and IFN-ω. IFN-ω is believed to constitute approximately 15% of the total IFN-I activity in these preparations. Importantly, infections are believed to potentially contribute to both induction and exacerbation of SLE. In this study, human leukocyte IFN was added to whole blood samples from 2 healthy human donors in the presence of inhibitors or controls and plasma was assessed for IP-10 release 24 h post IFN exposure. Anti IFN-α/ω mAbs: IFWM3522 and IFWM3525 (FIG. 11A), and IFWM3399 (FIG. 11B) all dose-dependently neutralized leukocyte IFN-induced IP-10 release in both donors tested.

EXAMPLE 12 Anti-IFN-α/ω Antibodies Neutralize SLE Immune Complexes

A hallmark of SLE is the presence of autoantibodies such as anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) that typically precede the development of clinically defined disease. Autoantibodies bound to nucleic acid ligands are thought to be endogenous inducers of type I IFN in SLE patients. The preponderance of autoantibodies in conjunction with impaired clearance of autoantigens leads to a feedback cycle of IFN production where Fc receptor-dependent internalization of immune complexes into plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) leads to increased amounts of circulating IFN and establishment of the IFN gene signature.

We further tested the ability of the anti-IFN-α/ω antibodies to neutralize more disease relevant endogenous IFN preparations.

Immune complexes were prepared essentially as described in Example 1. These SLE patient-derived immune complexes were then added to healthy donor PBMCs and IFN-containing conditioned media collected from cell cultures (IC92 and IC163). Next, the conditioned media was added to healthy donor whole blood from 4 healthy donors in the presence of inhibitors or control to determine the impact of IFN-α/ω neutralization on IFN-induced IP-10 release. IFWM3522, IFWM3525, and IFWM3399 all dose-dependently neutralized IP-10 release using both SLE immune complex-induced IFN preps in all whole blood donors tested. FIG. 12A shows neutralization of SLE immune complex-induced IFN-stimulated IP-10 release in human whole blood by antibodies IFWM3522 and IFWM2525 from one donor (SLE donor 92). FIG. 12B shows the results for antibody IFWM3399 and isotype control.

EXAMPLE 13 Anti-IFN-α/ω Antibodies Neutralize SLE Plasma

Anti IFN-α/ω mAbs demonstrated potent dose-dependent neutralization of endogenous IFN-I preparations produced from human primary cells after exposure to both sterile (immune complex; Example 12) and microbial ligands (leukocyte IFN; Example 11). Potency of the IFN-α/ω mAbs to neutralize physiological Type I IFN was further assessed by the ability of the antibodies to neutralize IFN-I activity from SLE patient sera and plasma. This approach thus assesses ability of the antibodies to neutralize the actual circulating IFN-I milieu from the patient which may contain an IFN spectrum that may be difficult to recapitulate in vitro.

ISRE Assay Using SLE Serum:

HEK Blue (α/β) cells (InvivoGen) were plated at 50,000 cells per well in a total volume of 200 μl DMEM+10% FBS and incubated overnight at 37° C. The next day, pooled plasma (3 donors) or serum (13 donors) pre-selected on the basis of achieving an OD of greater than or equal to 1.0 after a 30 minute incubation in this assay was thawed and mixed at a 1:1 (v/v) ratio with DMEM+10% FBS. Supernatants were removed from the previously plated Hek Blue cells and replaced with 100 μl of the SLE plasma or serum/media mixture and allowed to incubate overnight at 37° C. The next day, 40 μl of conditioned media was removed and added to 160 μl Quanti-Blue substrate (InvivoGen) in a new plate and allowed to incubate for 30 minutes. Plates were read using a spectrophotometer at 650 nanometer wavelength and IC₅₀ values were calculated using GraphPad Prism.

Results

SLE serum from a Chinese cohort of patients (SLE Cohort 1) and SLE plasma from a primarily African American cohort (SLE Cohort 2) was prescreened for IFN-I activity using the ISRE assay. SLE donor serum or plasma samples having an OD of ˜1.0 or greater were determined to have a sufficient window of IFN-I activity such that inhibition with antagonist antibodies could be easily measured. These donor samples were then pooled to create a serum or plasma stock to generate enough sample volume to enable repeat experiments and antibody titrations. SLE patient samples from diverse racial/ethnic cohorts were utilized to better capture the potential diversity in qualitative and quantitative IFN-I responses in SLE patients. African American and Asian donors are thought to have higher IFN-I activity than Caucasian donors. The anti-IFN-α/ω mAbs tested dose-dependently neutralized IFN-I activity in pooled SLE patient serum and plasma samples. IC₅₀ values from two independent experiments are shown using pooled samples from both SLE cohorts in Table 28.

TABLE 28 Mean IC₅₀ (ng/ml) +/− SD mAb SLE Cohort 1 (serum) SLE Cohort 2 (plasma) IFWM3525 5.166 +/− 0.1612 4.255 +/− 0.8422 IFWM3522 10.47 +/− 0.3818 6.059 +/− 0.3613 IFWM3399 8.352 +/− 1.102  4.340 +/− 0.1223

EXAMPLE 14 Anti-IFN-α/ω Antibodies Neutralize IFN Gene Signature

Type I IFN induces a spectrum of genes that are also overexpressed in some SLE patients as compared to healthy controls. Plasma samples from SLE patients exhibiting this IFN gene signature are capable of inducing overexpression of a similar set of genes when added to healthy donor PBMCs or cell lines, and this activity is predominately neutralized by antibodies targeting IFN-α (Hua et al., Arthritis and rheumatism 54, 1906-1916, doi:10.1002/art.21890 (2006)).

An assay was developed to determine the effect of the antibodies on normalizing the IFN-I signature present in the SLE patient heparinized whole blood. IFN-I inducible gene MX1 (myxovirus resistance 1) expression was used as a marker for IFN-I activity.

Materials

2-4 h after collection of SLE or healthy blood into sodium heparin tubes, 240 μl was plated into 96 well U-bottom plates containing anti-IFN-α/ω antibodies or human IgG1 isotype control. Antibodies diluted in PBS were added at 30 μl per well to 240 μl of blood. After 24 h incubation at 37° C., 745 μl of PAXgene stabilization reagent (QIAGEN) was added to a 96 deep well plate and blood samples were transferred and mixed thoroughly by pipetting. Plates were sealed and frozen at −80° C. until further processing. After thawing, samples were transferred to 2 ml Safe-Lock tubes (Eppendorf) and spun at 5000×g for 10 minutes. Supernatants were aspirated and sample pellets resuspended in 432 μl of DNase/RNase free water by vortexing. Samples were further centrifuged at 5000×g and pellets resuspended in 350 μl BR1 buffer. 300 μl of BR2 buffer was next added followed by 40 μl of proteinase K and samples incubated at 55° C. and shaken at 800 rpm for 10 minutes. The manufacturer's protocol was followed for remainder of purification (QIAGEN, cat #762164). 120 ng of total RNA from each sample was converted to cDNA using iScript cDNA Synthesis kit (BIO-RAD) and primer/probe pairs for human MX1 and beta actin (ACTB) (cat #Hs00895608_m1 and Hs01060665_g1, respectively) were utilized for qPCR. Data was collected on a Viia7 Real Time PCR system and analyzed us GraphPad Prism representing the change in expression of MX1 relative to the ACTB (dCT).

Results

The ability of the IFN-α/ω antibodies to decrease the IFN-I signature in patient blood was assessed using MX1 gene expression as a marker for IFN-I activity.

MX1 gene expression was increased approximately 7 fold in the blood of a SLE patient when compared to a healthy control. The tested anti-IFN-α/ω antibodies dose-dependently reduced MX1 expression in the blood of SLE patients after 24 hour incubation, and at highest antibody concentration the MX1 expression was normalized close to the levels observed in healthy control. FIG. 13 shows the effect of the antibody treatment on MX1 expression in one SLE donor normalized to beta actin expression and is representative of multiple donors having elevated baseline MX1 expression when compared to healthy controls.

EXAMPLE 15 Anti-IFN-α/ω Antibodies Neutralize Cyno Type I IFNs

The ability of the select anti-IFN-α/ω antibodies to neutralize various cyno Type I IFNs was assessed using the ISRE reporter gene assay.

Cynomolgus IFN-α2 (PBL Assay Sciences), IFN-α4 (Sino Biological), IFN-α8 (Sino Biological), and IFN-α13 (Sino Biological) were used in the assays. IC₅₀ values were determined using previously determined EC₇₅ values for each IFN. (0.078 ng/ml for IFN-α2, 2.68 ng/ml for IFN-α4, 0.66 ng/ml for IFN-α8 and 18.4 for IFN-α13). The IC₅₀ of select anti-IFN-α/ω mAbs is shown in Table 29). The data in table 20 is an average of two independent experiments. IFN-α/ω mAbs IFWM3525 and IFWM3522 exhibited similar cross-neutralization properties between the human and orthologous cynomolgus antigens available to test. The lack of neutralization of cynomolgus IFN-α13 was expected, as this molecule, like human IFN-αD, has a serine at position 27 (S27).

TABLE 29 Mean IC₅₀ (ng/ml) +/− SD Cyno Cyno Cyno Cyno IFN- Cyno mAb IFN-α13 IFN-α4 IFN-α2 α8 IFN-ω IFWM3525 921.5 +/− 294.9 6.769 +/− 0.1923 3.346 +/− 0.1747 0.5668 +/− 0.07085 0.9568 +/− 0.1276 IFWM3522 8063 +/− 2562 7.348 +/− 0.7616 9.887 +/− 2.918  0.5497 +/− 0.03734  2.028 +/− 0.3691

EXAMPLE 16 Crystal Structure of IFWM3421 in Complex with IFN-ω T80E

Crystallization, X-ray data collection and structure determination was done essentially as described in Example 6, except for following changes:

The complex was prepared by mixing IFN-ω:Fab at 1.05:1.00 ratio (excess IFN-ω), incubated at 4° C. overnight, and then concentrated without purification to 8.37 mg/mL in 20 mM Tris pH 7.4, 50 mM NaCl. Crystals for X-ray data collection were obtained from HEPES pH 7.5, 0.2 M Li2SO4, 18% PEG 3350 with MMS seeding.

For X-ray data collection for the IFNω/Fab3186 complex, a crystal was soaked in synthetic mother liquor (0.1 M HEPES, pH 7.5, 20% PEG 3350, 0.2 M LiSO4 with 20% glycerol) and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. X-ray data were collected at APS (Argonne National Lab). ELN ATeplyak-2013-0014. The diffraction data were processed with XDS. The structure refinement statistics are given in Table 30.

TABLE 30 IFNω/FabM3421 Crystal data Space group C2 Unit cell dimensions a, b, c (Å) 77.48, 69.89, 127.38 α, β, γ (°) 90, 102.39, 90 Asymmetric unit content 1 complex X-ray data Resolution (Å) 50.00-1.90 (1.94-1.90) Number of measured reflections 160,439 (10,287) Number of unique reflections 49,423 (3,356) Completeness (%)  98.3 (91.1) R_(merge)  0.095 (0.643) <I/σ>  9.8 (2.5) B-factor (Wilson plot) (Å²) 26.6 Refinement Resolution (Å) 44.36-1.90 (1.94-1.90) Number of refls used in refinement 49,411 (2,292) Number of all atoms 4,249 Number of water molecules 442 Rcryst (%)  19.0 (42.1) Rfree (%)  22.8 (39.8) RMSD bond lengths (Å) 0.008 RMSD bond angles (°) 1.12 RMSD B-factor main-chain (Å²) 4.9 Mean B-factor (Å²) 34.1 Protein 33.6 Solvent 38.3 MolProbity [25] Clash score 3.2 Rotamer outliers (%) 2.5 Ramachandran favored (%) 98.2 Ramachandran outliers (%) 0.0 Cβ deviation > 0.25 Å 0 *Values for high-resolution shell are in parentheses

The crystal structure of IFNω/Fab3421 was determined to 1.9 Å (Table 30). The IFN-ω model contained residues of 23-39 and 118-153. The majority of IFN-ω molecule did not have any electron density and there was no room for them in the crystal, suggesting that cleavage of IFN-ω also happened.

The overall structure of the IFN-ω/Fab3421 complex was very similar to IFNω/FabM371. The backbone structures of the individual components (VH, VL and IFNω) are all nearly identical (Cα rmsd 0.17, 0.23 and 0.36 Å, respectively).

There were, however, a number of significant structural differences. First, when the two structures were superimposed on the VL, the VH was rotated by 4 degrees and the antigen rotated by 11 degrees, leading to a large shift of the IFN-ω molecule with respect to VL. Second, H bonding and water structures (WC2 in particular) were different between the two structures (FIGS. 14A and 14B). R33 of IFN-ω makes 6 H bonds including a salt-bridge with D107 of HCDR3 in the parent M371 complex (FIG. 14A). In the matured form, the side chain electron density for both R33 of IFN-ω and D107 of VH is less well defined (not shown) and they appear to be farther apart, thus reducing the number and strength of the charge-charge interactions (FIG. 14B). A water molecule that involves H99 of VH in M371 is now absent (FIGS. 14A, 14B). Third, F108 of HCDR3 is not involved in antigen binding, but is part of the VL/VH interface. It adopts two alternative conformations in the parent structure (FIG. 14C). The relative rotation of the VL/VH domains along with the L961 mutation in VL reduced it to a single rotamer. Thus it appears that part of the maturation mutations led to better pairing of the Fv. Fourth, two positions were mutated to F (A50F and Y32F) during maturation. Y32 forms two H bonds with the backbone of IFN-ω. But these were also lost as a result of mutation to F (FIG. 14D). The A50F mutation does not generate any new contact with the antigen. Rather its phenyl ring stacks with the VH W104, which in turn packs with the antigen (FIG. 14D). In the LCDR3, two additional hydrophobic mutations (T94L and L96I) appear to form better hydrophobic pocket for L30 and F27 of the antigen. Two additional negative charge mutations (S39D and S93D) do not form any interactions, except with solvent. Overall, affinity improvement is the result of the maturation process that reduces polar interactions but favors/strengthens hydrophobic packing with the antigen as well as better VL/VH pairing.

The epitope and paratope residues. FIG. 15 shows the 2D interaction mAb between IFN-ω and IFWM3421. The epitope residues are identical to those in the M371 structure. The paratope residues are also almost identical (FIG. 15). However, as described above, the maturation process resulted in a number of structural and interaction differences, which likely account for the improvement in binding affinity.

EXAMPLE 17 Crystal Structure of IFWM35251 in Complex with IFN-ω T80E

Crystallization, X-ray data collection and structure determination was done essentially as described in Example 6.

The complex was prepared by mixing of IFN-ω with Fab of IFWM3525 in molar ratio of 1.05:1.0 (excess IFN-ω, 1.92:1.12 mg), incubated at 4° C. overnight, and purified on Superdex 200 column equilibrated with 20 mm HEPES pH 7.5, 0.25 M NaCl, 10% glycerol, then concentrated to 9.79 mg/ml. Crystals suitable for X-diffraction were obtained from 18% PEG 3K, 0.2 M sodium citrate by MMS seeding with seeds from IFN-ω/Fab3186 crystals.

For X-ray data collection, one crystal of IFN-ω/IFWM3525 complex was soaked for a few seconds in a synthetic mother liquor (20% PEG 3350, 0.2 M sodium citrate, 25% glycerol), and flash frozen in the liquid nitrogen. X-ray data were collected at APS (Argonne National Lab). The diffraction data were processed with XDS¹⁰.

The structure of the IFN-ω/IFWM3525 complex was solved by molecular replacement (MR) with Phaser. The search models for MR were the crystal structure of IFN-ω/FabM371. The structure was then refined with PHENIX and model adjustments were carried out using COOT. All other crystallographic calculations were performed with the CCP4 suite of programs. All molecular graphics were generated with PyMol. The structure refinement statistics are given in Table 31.

TABLE 31 IFNω/Fab IFWM3525 Crystal data Space group C2 Unit cell dimensions a, b, c (Å) 169.53, 132.78, 144.19 α, β, γ (°) 90, 120.43, 90 Asymmetric unit content 4 complex X-ray data Resolution (Å)   50-3.14 (3.22-3.14)* Number of measured reflections 161,700 (9,097)  Number of unique reflections 47,615 (3,033)  Completeness (%) 98.30 (85.1)  R_(merge) 0.106 (0.877) <I/σ> 10.7 (1.6)  B-factor (Wilson plot) (Å²) 79.9 Refinement Resolution (Å) 47.9-3.14 (3.20-3.14) Number of refls used in refinement 47,403 (2,685)  Number of all atoms 14,880 Number of solvent molecules 0 Rcryst (%) 24.4 (37.1) Rfree (%) 28.4 (42.0) RMSD bond lengths (Å) 0.002 RMSD bond angles (°) 0.60 RMSD B-factor main-chain (Å²) 5.2 Mean B-factor (Å²) 88.9 Protein 88.9 Solvent N/A MolProbity [25] Clash score 3.2 Rotamer outliers (%) 0.4 Ramachandran favored (%) 96.1 Ramachandran outliers (%) 0.3 Cβ deviation (>0.25 Å) 0 *Values for high-resolution shell are in parentheses

The overall structure of the IFN-ω/IFWM35258 complex was very similar to IFN-ω/FabM371. The molecular models for the IFN-ω molecules includes residues 23-39 and 119-153, corresponding to helical segment AB and helices D and E. The helices A, B and C and the connecting loops are disordered. These missing parts of the IFN-ω are likely due to limited proteolysis as found for the M371 and M3421 complex structures. The Fab molecular model contains residues from 1 to 213 for the light chain and from 1 to 222 for the heavy chain. The C-terminal 6× His tag, inter-chain disulfide bond and residues of 137-141 of the heavy chain are disordered. No solvent water molecules were included due to low diffraction resolution.

FIG. 16 shows a 2-dimensional interaction map between IFN-ω and Fab of IFWM3525. Epitope residues F27, L30, and R33 of the AB helix account for the majority of the Ab/Ag interactions. Thus, this region of IFN-ω appears to constitute the main part of the epitope. Compared with the parental M371, the epitope contains two more residues from the helix E of IFN-ω which form interactions with HCDR3 of IFWM3525.

IFWM3525 has broad binding specificity for IFNω and most of IFNα subtypes. It does not bind IFNβ and IFNα-D/1. The sequence alignment of IFNs (FIG. 9) indicates that IFWM3525 epitope residues are largely conserved among the IFN-ω and IFN-α subtypes. In addition, structural comparison of the epitope residues in IFN-α (pdb code 2RH2, which was re-built and refined using deposited data as only Cα trace was available in PDB) and IFN-ω indicate the epitope residues have very similar backbone and side chain structures. Thus, the sequence and structure conservations (or epitope conservation) likely are responsible for the broad binding of IFNα/ω by IFWM3525.

Sequence Listing SEQ ID Amino acid sequence NO: Type Species Description (or nucleotide sequence, as applicable)   1 PRT Homo human IFNw CDLPQNHGLLSRNTLVLLHQMRRISPFLCLKDRRDFRFPQEMVKGSQLQKAHVMSVLHEMLQQIFSLFH sapiens TERSSAAWNMTLLDQLHTGLHQQLQHLETCLLQVVGEGESAGAISSPALTLRRYFQGIRVYLKEKKYSD CAWEVVRMEIMKSLFLSTNMQERLRSKDRDLGSS   2 PRT Homo huIFNw T80E CDLPQNHGLLSRNTLVLLHQMRRISPFLCLKDRRDFRFPQEMVKGSQLQKAHVMSVLHEMLQQIFSLFH sapiens TERSSAAWNMELLDQLHTGLHQQLQHLETCLLQVVGEGESAGAISSPALTLRRYFQGIRVYLKEKKYSD CAWEVVRMEIMKSLFLSTNMQERLRSKDRDLGSS   3 PRT Chimp chimp CDLPQNHGLLSRNTLVLLHQMRRISPFLCLKDRRDFRFPQEMVKGSQLQKAQVMSVLHEMLQQIFSLFH IFNomega TERSSAAWNMTLLDQLHTGLHQQLQHLETCLLQVMGEGESAGAISSPALTLRRYFQGIRVYLKEKKYSD CAWEVVRMEIMKSLFLSTNMQERLRSKDRDLGSSRNDSH   4 PRT Cyno cyno CDLPQNHGLLSRNTLVLLHQMRRISPFLCLKDRRDFRFPQEMVEGSQLQKAQVMSVLHEMLQQIFSLFH IFNomega TEHSSAAWNTTLLDHLHTGLHRQLEHLETCLVQVMREGESAGAIRSPALTLRRYFQGIRVYLKEKKYSD CAWVVVRMEIMKSLFLSTNMQERLKSKDGDLGSS   5 PRT Homo alpha A CDLPQTHSLGSRRTLMLLAQMRKISLFSCLKDRHDFGFPQEEFGNQFQKAETIPVLHEMIQQIFNLFST sapiens KDSSAAWDETLLDKFYTELYQQLNDLEACVIQGVGVTETPLMKEDSILAVRKYFQRITLYLKEKKYSPC AWEVVRAEIMRSFSLSTNLQESLRSKE   6 PRT Homo IFN alpha CDLPQTHSLGNRRALILLAQMRRISPFSCLKDRHDFEFPQEEFDDKQFQKAQAISVLHEMIQQTFNLFS sapiens B2 TKDSSAALDETLLDEFYIELDQQLNDLESCVMQEVGVIESPLMYEDSILAVRKYFQRITLYLTEKKYSS CAWEVVRAEIMRSFSLSINLQKRLKSKE   7 PRT Homo alpha C CDLPQTHSLGNRRALILLGQMGRISPFSCLKDRHDFRIPQEEFDGNQFQKAQAISVLHEMIQQTFNLFS sapiens TEDSSAAWEQSLLEKFSTELYQQLNDLEACVIQEVGVEETPLMNEDSILAVRKYFQRITLYLIERKYSP CAWEVVRAEIMRSLSFSTNLQKRLRRKD   8 PRT Homo alpha D CDLPETHSLDNRRTLMLLAQMSRISPSSCLMDRHDFGFPQEEFDGNQFQKAPAISVLHELIQQIFNLFT sapiens TKDSSAAWDEDLLDKFCTELYQQLNDLEACVMQEERVGETPLMNVDSILAVKKYFRRITLYLTEKKYSP CAWEVVRAEIMRSLSLSTNLQERLRRKE   9 PRT Homo alpha F CDLPQTHSLGNRRALILLAQMGRISPFSCLKDRHDFGFPQEEFDGNQFQKAQAISVLHEMIQQTFNLFS sapiens TKDSSATWEQSLLEKFSTELNQQLNDMEACVIQEVGVEETPLMNVDSILAVKKYFQRITLYLTEKKYSP CAWEVVRAEIMRSFSLSKIFQERLRRKE  10 PRT Homo alpha G CDLPQTHSLSNRRTLMIMAQMGRISPFSCLKDRHDFGFPQEEFDGNQFQKAQAISVLHEMIQQTFNLFS sapiens TKDSSATWDETLLDKFYTELYQQLNDLEACMMQEVGVEDTPLMNVDSILTVRKYFQRITLYLTEKKYSP CAWEVVRAEIMRSFSLSANLQERLRRKE  11 PRT Homo alpha H2 CNLSQTHSLNNRRTLMLMAQMRRISPFSCLKDRHDFEFPQEEFDGNQFQKAQAISVLHEMMQQTFNLFS sapiens TKNSSAAWDETLLEKFYIELFQQMNDLEACVIQEVGVEETPLMNEDSILAVKKYFQRITLYLMEKKYSP CAWEVVRAEIMRSLSFSTNLQKRLRRKD  12 PRT Homo IFN-aI CDLPQTHSLGNRRALILLAQMGRISPFSCLKDRPDFGLPQEEFDGNQFQKTQAISVLHEMIQQTFNLFS sapiens TEDSSAAWEQSLLEKFSTELYQQLNNLEACVIQEVGMEETPLMNEDSILAVRKYFQRITLYLTEKKYSP CAWEVVRAEIMRSLSFSTNLQKILRRKD  13 PRT Homo alpha J1 CDLPQTHSLRNRRALILLAQMGRISPFSCLKDRHEFRFPEEEFDGHQFQKTQAISVLHEMIQQTFNLFS sapiens TEDSSAAWEQSLLEKFSTELYQQLNDLEACVIQEVGVEETPLMNEDFILAVRKYFQRITLYLMEKKYSP CAWEVVRAEIMRSFSFSTNLKKGLRRKD  14 PRT Homo alpha K CDLPQTHSLGHRRTMMLLAQMRRISLFSCLKDRHDERFPQEEEDGNQFQKAEAISVLHEVIQQTFNLFS sapiens TKDSSVAWDERLLDKLYTELYQQLNDLEACVMQEVWVGGTPLMNEDSILAVRKYFQRITLYLTEKKYSP CAWEVVRAEIMRSFSSSRNLQERLRRKE  15 PRT Homo alpha 4b CDLPQTHSLGNRRALILLAQMGRISHFSCLKDRHDFGFPEEEFDGHQFQKTQAISVLHEMIQQTFNLFS sapiens TEDSSAAWEQSLLEKFSTELYQQLNDLEACVIQEVGVEETPLMNVDSILAVRKYFQRITLYLTEKKYSP CAWEVVRAEIMRSLSFSTNLQKRLRRKD  16 PRT Homo alpha WA CDLPQTHSLGNRRALILLAQMGRISHFSCLKDRYDFGFPQEVFDGNQFQKAQAISAFHEMIQQTFNLFS sapiens TKDSSAAWDETLLDKFYIELFQQLNDLEACVTQEVGVEEIALMNEDSILAVRKYFQRITLYLMGKKYSP CAWEVVRAEIMRSFSFSTNLQKGLRRKD  17 PRT Homo IFN-a2 CDLPQTHSLGSRRTLMLLAQMRRISLFSCLKDRHDFGFPQEEFGNQFQKAETIPVLHEMIQQIFNLFST sapiens KDSSAAWDETLLDKFYTELYQQLNDLEACVIQGVGVTETPLMKEDSILAVRKYFQRITLYLKEKKYSPC AWEVVRAEIMRSFSLSTNLQESLRSKE  18 PRT Homo IFN-a1 CDLPETHSLDNRRTLMLLAQMSRISPSSCLMDRHDFGFPQEEFDGNQFQKAPAISVLHELIQQIFNLFT sapiens TKDSSAAWDEDLLDKFCTELYQQLNDLEACVMQEERVGETPLMNADSILAVKKYFRRITLYLTEKKYSP CAWEVVRAEIMRSLSLSTNLQERLRRKE  19 PRT Homo IFN-aa CDLPQTHSLGNRRALILLAQMGRISHFSCLKDRHDFGFPEEEFDGHQFQKAQAISVLHEMIQQTFNLFS sapiens TEDSSAAWEQSLLEKFSTELYQQLNDLEACVIQEVGVEETPLMNEDSILAVRKYFQRITLYLTEKKYSP CAWEVVRAEIMRSLSFSTNLQKRLRRKD  20 PRT Homo IFN-b MSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAI sapiens FRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEY SHCAWTIVRVEILRNFYFINRLTGYLRN  21 PRT Artificial Signal MALTFYLLVALVVLSYKSFSSLG sequence peptide  22 PRT Artificial Signal MARSFSLLMVVLVLSYKSICSLG sequence peptide  23 PRT Artificial Signal MALPFALLMALVVLSCKSSCSLD sequence peptide  24 PRT Artificial Signal MALSFSLLMAVLVLSYKSICSLG sequence peptide  25 PRT Artificial Signal MALTFALLVALLVLSCKSSCSVG sequence peptide  26 PRT Homo IFNAR1   1 mmvvllgatt lvlvavapwv lsaaaggknl kspqkvevdi iddnfilrwn rsdesvgnvt sapiens  61 fsfdyqktgm dnwiklsgcq nitstkcnfs slklnvyeei klriraeken tsswyevdsf 121 tpfrkaqigp pevhleaedk aivihispgt kdsvmwaldg lsftyslviw knssgveeri 181 eniysrhkiy klspettycl kvkaalltsw kigvyspvhc ikttvenelp ppenievsvq 241 nqnyvlkwdy tyanmtfqvq wlhaflkrnp gnhlykwkqi pdcenvkttq cvfpqnvfqk 301 giyllrvqas dgnntsfwse eikfdteiqa fllppvfnir slsdsfhiyi gapkqsgntp 361 viqdypliye iifwentsna erkiiekktd vtvpnlkplt vycvkaraht mdeklnkssv 421 fsdavcektk pgntskiwli vgicialfal pfviyaakvf lrcinyvffp slkpssside 481 yfseqplknl llstseeqie kcfiienist iatveetnqt dedhkkyssq tsqdsgnysn 541 edesesktse elqqdfv  27 PRT Homo IFNAR2   1 mllsqnafif rslnlvlmvy islvfgisyd spdytdesct fkislrnfrs ilswelknhs sapiens  61 ivpthytlly timskpedlk vvkncanttr sfcdltdewr stheayvtvl egfsgnttlf 121 scshnfwlai dmsfeppefe ivgftnhinv mvkfpsivee elqfdlslvi eeqsegivkk 181 hkpeikgnms gnftyiidkl ipntnycvsv ylehsdeqav iksplkctll ppgqesesae 241 sakiggiitv flialvltst ivtlkwigyi clrnslpkvl rqglakgwna vaihrcshna 301 lqsetpelkq ssclsfpssw dykraslcps d  28 PRT Artificial IFWH591 EVQLVQSGAEVKKPGESLKISCKGSGYSFTSYWIGWVRQMPGKGLEWMGIIDPSDSDTRYSPSFQGQVT sequence ISADKSISTAYLQWSSLKASDTAMYYCARHPGLNWAPDFDYWGQGTLVTVSS  29 PRT Artificial PH9L4 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISSYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYAASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYSTPLTFGQGTKVEIK  30 PRT Artificial IFWH624 EVQLVQSGAEVKKPGESLKISCKGSGYSFTSYWIGWVRQMPGKGLEWMGIIDPSDSDTAYSPSFQGQVT sequence ISADKSISTAYLQWSSLKASDTAMYYCARHPGLNWAPDFDYWGQGTLVTVSS  31 PRT Artificial IFWH629 EVQLVQSGAEVKKPGESLKISCKGSGYSFTSYWIGWVRQMPGKGLEWMGIIDPSDSDTRYSPSFQGQVT sequence ISADKSISTAYLQWSSLKASDTAMYYCARHPGLAWAPDFDYWGQGTLVTVSS  32 PRT Artificial IFWL983 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDGSLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  33 PRT Artificial IFWL991 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSINRFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYAASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQAIDLPFTFGQGTKVEIK  34 PRT Artificial IFWL992 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIGSFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYSIPITFGQGTKVEIK  35 PRT Artificial IFWL997 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIGSALNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  36 PRT Artificial IFWL998 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISKFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSNTLPFTFGQGTKVEIK  37 PRT Artificial IFWL999 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDEFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQAHSFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  38 PRT Artificial IFWL1000 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSITNFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSLDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  39 PRT Artificial IFWL1001 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIGDFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQALDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  40 PRT Artificial IFWL1004 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIAEFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSIDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  41 PRT Artificial IFWL1006 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIGGFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYSLPITFGQGTKVEIK  42 PRT Artificial IFWL1007 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIGKSLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  43 PRT Artificial IFWL1009 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDDFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSHTLPLTFGQGTKVEIK  44 PRT Artificial IFWL1010 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDGALNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSFDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  45 PRT Artificial IFWL1013 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSINNFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSFNLPITFGQGTKVEIK  46 PRT Artificial IFWL1014 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDRALNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSFDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  47 PRT Artificial IFWL1017 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSITSSLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSFDLPLTFGQGTKVEIK  48 PRT Artificial IFWL1022 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSINEFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYSTPLTFGQGTKVEIK  49 PRT Artificial IFWL1026 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISKFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDFPITFGQGTKVEIK  50 PRT Artificial IFWL1038 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISEYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSHSLPITFGQGTKVEIK  51 PRT Artificial IFWL1041 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSITGFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYAASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSHDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  52 PRT Artificial IFWL1047 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSINGVLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSHDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  53 PRT Artificial IFWL1048 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDGALNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQAYDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  54 PRT Artificial IFWL1051 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIADFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSHSFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  55 PRT Artificial IFWL1053 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSITNHLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQAHNFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  56 PRT Artificial IFWL1060 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIRNSLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIKWASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQLYDWPLTFGQGTKVEIK  57 PRT Artificial IFWL1063 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIANNNLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIHWASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG sequence TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQGYDTPFTFGQGTKVEIK  58 PRT Artificial IFWL1064 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSINNLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYWASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGTD sequence FTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQGYDTPFTFGQGTKVEIK  59 PRT Artificial IFWL1067 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIRNNNLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIHWASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG sequence TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQGYDTPFTFGQGTKVEIK  60 PRT Artificial IFWL1071 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIRNNSLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYGASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG sequence TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQDYNWPITFGQGTKVEIK  61 PRT Artificial IFWL1073 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDNSYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYGASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG sequence TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQGWDWPLTFGQGTKVEIK  62 PRT Artificial IFWL1074 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIANTNLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIHWASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG sequence TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQWYDNPLTFGQGTKVEIK  63 PRT Artificial IFWL1076 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDNNNLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYAASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG sequence TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQGYDWPLTFGQGTKVEIK  64 PRT Artificial IFWL1082 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIRNNSLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYAASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG sequence TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQDYNWPLTFGQGTKVEIK  65 PRT Artificial IFWL1084 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSINYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYGASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGTD sequence FTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSHDWPITFGQGTKVEIK  66 PRT Artificial IFWL1085 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIRNNYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYAASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG sequence TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQGYDTPLTFGQGTKVEIK  67 PRT Artificial IFWL1087 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISNSNLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIHWASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG sequence TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQWYDHPLTFGQGTKVEIK  68 PRT Artificial IFWL1091 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIRNTNLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIHWASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG sequence TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQGYDTPFTFGQGTKVEIK  69 PRT Artificial IFWL1093 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIANNDLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIHWASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG sequence TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQDYDWPLTFGQGTKVEIK  70 PRT Artificial IFWL1049 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIAGFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYYASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYSIPITFGQGTKVEIK  71 PRT Artificial IFWL984 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDGFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK  72 DNA Artificial cDNA of GATATTCAGATGACCCAGAGCCCGAGCAGCCTGAGCGCGAGCGTGGGCGATCGCGTGACCATTACCTGC sequence IFWL984 CGCGCGAGCCAGAGCATTGATGGGTTCCTGAACTGGTATCAGCAGAAACCGGGCAAAGCGCCGAAACTG CTGATTTATTTCGCGAGCAGCCTGCAGAGCGGCGTGCCGAGCCGCTTTAGCGGCAGCGGCAGCGGCACC GATTTTACCCTGACCATTAGCAGCCTGCAGCCGGAAGATTTTGCGACCTATTATTGCCAGCAGTCCTAC GACCTCCCGATTACATTTGGCCAGGGCACCAAAGTGGAAATTAAA  73 PRT Artificial IFWL1136 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIEGALNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQAYDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  74 PRT Artificial IFWL1144 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIEGYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQAYDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  75 PRT Artificial IFWL1148 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISSALNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sequence DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQAYDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK  76 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSIADF sequence  77 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSIAEF sequence  78 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSIANNN sequence  79 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSIANTN sequence  80 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSIDGA sequence  81 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSIDGF sequence  82 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSIDNSY sequence  83 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSIDRA sequence  84 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSIEGA sequence  85 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSIGDF sequence  86 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSIGKS sequence  87 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSIGSA sequence  88 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSINGV sequence  89 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSIRNTN sequence  90 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSISSA sequence  91 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSISSF sequence  92 DNA Artificial cDNA of GACATCCAAATGACGCAGTCTCCGAGCTCTCTGAGCGCATCCGTGGGCGATCGCGTAACTATCACTTGT sequence IFWL1164 CGCGCCTCCCAGAGCATTGATAACTCCTATCTCAATTGGTATCAACAAAAACCGGGTAAGGCACCGAAA CTGCTGATTTACGGAGCGTCCTCTCTGCAGTCCGGTGTGCCGTCCCGTTTCTCCGGCAGCGGTTCTGGT ACCGATTTCACGCTGACCATCAGCTCTCTGCAACCGGAGGACTTTGCTACGTACTACTGCCAACAGGGC TACGATTTCCCTCTCACATTCGGCCAAGGTACCAAAGTGGAAATTAAA  93 PRT Artificial LCDR2 FAS sequence  94 PRT Artificial LCDR2 GAS sequence  95 PRT Artificial LCDR2 WAS sequence  96 PRT Artificial LCDR3 QQALDFPLT sequence  97 PRT Artificial LCDR3 QQAYDFPLT sequence  98 PRT Artificial LCDR3 QQGWDWPLT sequence  99 PRT Artificial LCDR3 QQGYDFPLT sequence 100 PRT Artificial LCDR3 QQGYDTPFT sequence 101 PRT Artificial LCDR3 QQSFDFPLT sequence 102 PRT Artificial LCDR3 QQSHDFPLT sequence 103 PRT Artificial LCDR3 QQSHSFPLT sequence 104 PRT Artificial LCDR3 QQSIDFPLT sequence 105 PRT Artificial LCDR3 QQSYDFPLT sequence 106 PRT Artificial LCDR3 QQSYDLPIT sequence 107 PRT Artificial LCDR3 QQWYDNPLT sequence 108 DNA Artificial cDNA of GATATTCAGATGACCCAGAGCCCGAGCAGCCTGAGCGCGAGCGTGGGCGATCGCGTGACCATTACCTGC sequence IFWL1048 CGCGCGAGCCAGAGCATCGATGGCGCCCTGAACTGGTATCAGCAGAAACCGGGCAAAGCGCCGAAACTG CTGATTTATTTCGCGAGCAGCCTGCAGAGCGGCGTGCCGAGCCGCTTTAGCGGCAGCGGCAGCGGCACC GATTTTACCCTGACCATTAGCAGCCTGCAGCCGGAAGATTTTGCGACCTATTATTGCCAGCAGGCCTAC GACTTTCCGTTGACATTTGGCCAGGGCACCAAAGTGGAAATTAAA 109 PRT Artificial HCDR1 GYSFTSYW sequence 110 DNA Artificial cDNA of GAGGTGCAGCTGGTGCAGAGCGGCGCCGAGGTGAAGAAGCCCGGCGAGAGCCTGAAGATCAGCTGCAAG sequence IFWH591 GGCAGCGGCTACAGCTTCACCAGCTACTGGATCGGCTGGGTGCGGCAGATGCCCGGCAAGGGCCTGGAG TGGATGGGCATCATCGACCCCAGCGACAGCGACACCCGGTACAGCCCCAGCTTCCAGGGCCAGGTGACC ATCAGCGCCGACAAGAGCATCAGCACCGCCTACCTGCAGTGGAGCAGCCTGAAGGCCAGCGACACCGCC ATGTACTACTGCGCCCGGCACCCCGGCCTGAACTGGGCCCCCGACTTCGACTACTGGGGCCAGGGCACC CTGGTGACCGTGAGCAGC 111 DNA Artificial HCDR2 IAPSDSDT sequence 112 DNA Artificial HCDR2 IDASDSDT sequence 113 DNA Artificial HCDR2 IDPSDSDT sequence 114 PRT Artificial HCDR2 IX₁₁X₁₂SDSDT; whrein consensus X₁₁ is D or A; and sequence X₁₂ is P or A. mAbs neutralize at least 3 IFNalphas 115 PRT Artificial HCDR3 ARHPGLAWAPDFDY 116 PRT Artificial HCDR3 ARHPGLNWAPDFDY 117 DNA Artificial cDNA of GAGGTGCAGCTGGTGCAGAGCGGCGCCGAGGTGAAGAAGCCCGGCGAGAGCCTGAAGATCAGCTGCAAG sequence IFWH617 GGCAGCGGCTACAGCTTCACCAGCTACTGGATCGGCTGGGTGCGGCAGATGCCCGGCAAGGGCCTGGAG TGGATGGGCATCATCGACGCCAGCGACAGCGACACCCGGTACAGCCCCAGCTTCCAGGGCCAGGTGACC ATCAGCGCCGACAAGAGCATCAGCACCGCCTACCTGCAGTGGAGCAGCCTGAAGGCCAGCGACACCGCC ATGTACTACTGCGCCCGGCACCCCGGCCTGAACTGGGCCCCCGACTTCGACTACTGGGGCCAGGGCACC CTGGTGACCGTGAGCAGC 118 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSIX₁X₂X₃X₄; wherein consensus X₁ is G, D, A, R, E, S, or N; sequence X₂ is D, G, N, S, R, E or K; mAbs X₃ is F, A, N, T, S or V; neutralize X₄ is Y, N or deleted. at least 3 IFNalphas 119 PRT Artificial LCDR2 X₅AS; wherein consensus X₅ is F, W or G. sequence mAbs neutralize at least 3 IFNalphas 120 PRT Artificial LCDR3 QQX₆X₇X₈X₉PX₁₀T; wherein consensus X₆ is A, G, S or W; sequence X₇ is L, Y, H, W, F or I; mAbs X₈ is D or S; neutralize X₉ is F, T, L, N or W; and at least 3 X₁₀ is L, F or I. IFNalphas 121 PRT Artificial HCDR3 ARHPGLX₁₃WAPDFDY; wherein consensus X₁₃ is A or N. sequence mAbs neutralize at least 3 IFNalphas 122 DNA Artificial cDNA of GAGGTGCAGCTGGTGCAGAGCGGCGCCGAGGTGAAGAAGCCCGGCGAGAGCCTGAAGATCAGCTGCAAG sequence IFWH629 GGCAGCGGCTACAGCTTCACCAGCTACTGGATCGGCTGGGTGCGGCAGATGCCCGGCAAGGGCCTGGAG TGGATGGGCATCATCGACCCCAGCGACAGCGACACCCGGTACAGCCCCAGCTTCCAGGGCCAGGTGACC ATCAGCGCCGACAAGAGCATCAGCACCGCCTACCTGCAGTGGAGCAGCCTGAAGGCCAGCGACACCGCC ATGTACTACTGCGCCCGGCACCCCGGCCTGGCCTGGGCCCCCGACTTCGACTACTGGGGCCAGGGCACC CTGGTGACCGTGAGCAGC 123 PRT Artificial IFWL1112 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISGFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 124 PRT Artificial IFWL1113 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIEGFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 125 PRT Artificial IFWL1114 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDGYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 126 PRT Artificial IFWL1115 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDGFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYAASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 127 PRT Artificial IFWL1117 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDGFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYIASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 128 PRT Artificial IFWL1118 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDGFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYLASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 129 PRT Artificial IFWL1119 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDGFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYVASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 130 PRT Artificial IFWL1120 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIEGYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 131 PRT Artificial IFWL1121 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIEGFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYAASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 132 PRT Artificial IFWL1122 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIEGFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYIASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 133 PRT Artificial IFWL1123 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIEGFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYLASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 134 PRT Artificial IFWL1124 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIEGFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYVASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 135 PRT Artificial IFWL1125 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISSFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 136 PRT Artificial IFWL1126 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISSYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 137 PRT Artificial IFWL1129 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIGDFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYYASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 138 PRT Artificial IFWL1173 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIEGYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYYASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 139 PRT Artificial IFWL1174 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIEGFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYYASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 140 PRT Artificial IFWL1175 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISSFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYYASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYDLPITFGQGTKVEIK 141 PRT Artificial IFWL1135 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISGALNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQAYDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK 142 PRT Artificial IFWL1137 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDGYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQAYDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK 143 PRT Artificial IFWL1143 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDGALNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQAYDLPLTFGQGTKVEIK 144 PRT Artificial IFWL1149 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISSYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQAYDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK 145 PRT Artificial IFWL1152 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISSALNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQAYDLPLTFGQGTKVEIK 146 PRT Artificial IFWL1155 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISSYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYFASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQAYDLPLTFGQGTKVEIK 147 PRT Artificial IFWL1161 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIGDFLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYAASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQAYDLPLTFGQGTKVEIK 148 PRT Artificial IFWL1162 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDNSYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYGASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQGYDWPLTFGQGTKVEIK 149 PRT Artificial IFWL1163 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDNSYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYGASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQGWDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK 150 PRT Artificial IFWL1164 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDNSYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYGASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQGYDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK 151 PRT Artificial IFWL1176 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDQSYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYGASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQGYDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK 152 PRT Artificial IFWL1177 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDTSYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYGASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQGYDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK 153 PRT Artificial IFWL1178 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSIDNTYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYGASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSG TDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQGYDFPLTFGQGTKVEIK 154 PRT Artificial LCDR3 QQSYDFPL 155 PRT Homo IGHV5-51 EVQLVQSGAEVKKPGESLKISCKGSGYSFTSYWIGWVRQMPGKGLEWMGIIYPGDSDTRYSPSFQGQVT sapiens ISADKSISTAYLQWSSLKASDTAVYYCAR 156 PRT Homo IGKV1D-39 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISSYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYAASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGT sapiens DFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYSTPWTFGQGTKVEIK 157 PRT Artificial IFWH615 EVQLVQSGAEVKKPGESLKISCKGSGYSFTSYWIGWVRQMPGKGLEWMGIIAPSDSDTRYSPSFQGQVT sequence ISADKSISTAYLQWSSLKASDTAMYYCARHPGLNWAPDFDYWGQGTLVTVSS 158 PRT Artificial IFWH617 EVQLVQSGAEVKKPGESLKISCKGSGYSFTSYWIGWVRQMPGKGLEWMGIIDASDSDTRYSPSFQGQVT sequence ISADKSISTAYLQWSSLKASDTAMYYCARHPGLNWAPDFDYWGQGTLVTVSS 159 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSIX₁₄X₁₅X₁₆X₁₇; wherein consensus X₁₄ is G, D, A, E, S, or N; sequence X₁₅ is D, G, N, S or R; mAbs X₁₆ is F, A, N, S or V; and neutralize X₁₇ is Y, N or deleted. at least 6 IFNalphas 160 PRT Artificial LCDR3 QQX₁₈X₁₉X₂₀X₂₁PX₂₂T; wherein consensus X₁₈ is A, G or S; sequence X₁₉ is Y, H, W or F; mAbs X₂₀ is D or S; neutralize X₂₁ is F, T, L or W; and at least 6 X₂₂ is L, F or I. IFNalphas 161 PRT Artificial LCDR1 QSIX₂₃X₂₄X₂₅X₂₆; wherein consensus X₂₃ is A or D; sequence X₂₄ is N or G; mAbs X₂₅ is F, N or S; and neutralize X₂₆ is Y, N or deleted. at least 10 IFNalphas 162 PRT Artificial LCDR3 QQX₂₇X₂₈X₂₉X₃₀PX₃₁T; wherein consensus X₂₇ is G or S; sequence X₂₈ is Y; mAbs X₂₉ is D; neutralize X₃₀ is F, T or L; and at least 10 X₃₁ is L, F or I. IFNalphas 

1) A method of treating lupus, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an isolated antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, the heavy chain variable region comprising heavy chain complementarity determining region (HCDR) 1 (HCDR1), 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) amino acid sequences of SEQ ID Nos: 109, 113 and 116, respectively, and the light chain variable region comprising light chain complementarity determining region (LCDR) 1 (LCDR1), 2 (LCDR2) and 3 (LCDR3) amino acid sequences of SEQ ID Nos: 82, 94 and 99, respectively, to a patient in need thereof for a time sufficient to treat the lupus. 2) (canceled) 3) The method of claim 12, wherein lupus is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). 4) The method of claim 3, wherein the patient has lupus nephritis. 5) The method of claim 1, wherein the patient exhibits a Type I interferon signature. 6) (canceled) 7) The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28 and a light chain variable region (VL) amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 150. 8) The method of claim 7, wherein the antibody has at least one substitution in an Fc region. 9) The method of claim 8, wherein the wherein the substitution comprises a substitution M252Y/S254T/T256E, V234A/G237A/P238S/H28A/V309L/A330S/P331S or P238S/L234A/L235A, wherein residue numbering is according to the EU numbering. 10) The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody is a bispecific antibody. 11) The method of claim 10, wherein the bispecific antibody neutralizes BLyS, CD40L, IL-6, CD27, BDCA2, IL-12, IL-23, IFN-αD, IL-17, CD20, IL-10, CD22, IL-21, ICOS, ICOSL or IFN-γ. 12) The method of claim 1, further administering a second therapeutic agent. 13) The method of claim 12, wherein the second therapeutic agent is an antibody that binds BLyS, CD40L, IL-6, CD27, BDCA2, IL-12, IL-23, IFN-αD, IL-17, CD20, IL-10, CD22, IL-21, ICOS, ICOSL or IFN-γ. 14) The method of claim 12, wherein the second therapeutic agent is a corticosteroid, an immunosuppressant, or a B-cell modulator. 15) The method of claim 14, wherein the second therapeutic agent is prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, deflazcort, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, my cophenolate mofetil (MMF), mycophenolate sodium, cyclosporine, leflunomide, tacrolimus, rituximab™ or belimumab™. 